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Horkheimer was born in [[Stuttgart]] to an assimilated Jewish family; due to parental pressure, he did not initially pursue an academic career, leaving secondary school at the age of sixteen to work in his father's factory. After [[World War I]], however, he enrolled in München, where he studied [[Philosophy]] and [[Psychology]]; he subsequently moved to Frankfurt am Main, where he studied under [[Hans Cornelius]]. There he would meet [[Theodor Adorno]], many years his junior, with whom he would strike a lasting friendship and one of the most fruitful collaborative efforts in contemporary philosophy.

In [[1925]] he was [[habilitation|habilitated]] with a dissertation on ''Kant's Critique of Judgement as Mediation between Practical and Theoretical Philosophy'' under Cornelius' direction. He was appointed as ''[[Privatdozent]]'' the following year; when the [[Institute for Social Research]]'s direction became vacant in [[1930]], he was elected for the position; among the founding members of the Institute were also [[Friedrich Pollock]], [[Leo Löwenthal]], and [[Erich Fromm]]. The following year publication of the Institute's ''Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung'' was begun, with Horkheimer as its editor. Besides the Institute's members, contributors included Adorno and [[Walter Benjamin]].

In [[1933]] his ''[[venia legendi]]'' was revoked by the Nazi government, and the Institute closed. Horkheimer emigrated to Switzerland, from where he would leave for the [[United States of America|USA]] the following year. The generous offer of [[Columbia University]] to host the Institute in exile allowed for the continued publication of the Institute's journal.

In [[1940]] Horkheimer received American citizenship and moved to [[Pacific Palisades]], California, where his collaboration with Adorno would yield the ''[[Dialectic of Enlightenment]]''. Unlike Adorno, Horkheimer was never a prolific writer, and in the following twenty years he published little, although he continued to edit ''Studies in Philosophy and Social Science'' as a continuation to the ''Zeitschrift''. In [[1949]] he returned to Frankfurt, where the Institute was reopened the following year. Between 1951 and 1953 Horkheimer was Rektor of the [[University of Frankfurt]].

He would return to America between 1954 and 1959 to lecture at Chicago. He retired in 1955. He remained an important figure until his death in [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] in 1973.