Changes

The state of [[helplessness ]] is linked to the [[infant]]'s initial powerlessness [[power]]lessness in the face of its needs. This causes distress, as the protective shield is overwhelmed; only the intervention of another person can relieve this suffering[[need]]s.

The neurophysiological model of Sigmund Freud's "Project for a Scientific Psychology" (1950c [1895]) posits the baby's original helplessness This causes distress, as the prototype of all traumatic situations. Helplessness and satisfaction structure protective shield is overwhelmed; only the two modes intervention of mental functioning. In the primary mode, the desired object and desired satisfaction are hallucinated immediately through recathexis of the memory traces left by the real experience. In the secondary mode, a lasting discharge forms the basis for the relationship to the real object, lost and rediscovered thanks to "indications of reality," and invested with the meaning "mutual understandinganother person can relieve this [[suffering]]."

Helplessness and the theory of anxiety are closely linked. The helpless baby, powerless to fulfill its needs and without any adequate means neurophysiological model of discharging internal excitation, experiences Sigmund Freud's "automatic anxiety." Anticipation of helplessness triggers "signal anxiety,Project for a Scientific Psychology" (1950c [1895]) posits the egobaby's appeal to original helplessness as the ego (1926d prototype of all [[1925trauma])]tic situations.

In a state of helplessness owing to its prematurity, the preverbal human infant cries, experiences and recognizes its powerlessness, [[Helplessness]] and urgently alerts the succoring object. The ability to apprehend its helplessness depends on the protective shield against stimuli, whose action is thus the basis of relationships, [[satisfaction]] [[structure]] the precondition two modes of effective communicationmental functioning.

For Melanie Klein (1952/1975)In the primary mode, the distress associated with the death instinct, a source [[desire]]d [[object]] and [[desire]]d [[satisfaction]] are hallucinated immediately through re[[cathexis]] of tremendous persecution, precipitates projection. This is the foundation of what she calls [[memory]] traces left by the schizoid-paranoid positionreal experience.

In the secondary mode, a lasting discharge forms the basis for the relationship to the real object, lost and rediscovered thanks to "indications of reality," and invested with the meaning "mutual understanding." [[Helplessness]] and the theory of [[anxiety]] are closely linked.  The [[helpless]] baby, powerless to fulfill its needs and without any adequate means of discharging internal excitation, experiences "automatic anxiety."  Anticipation of [[helplessness]] triggers "signal anxiety," the ego's appeal to the ego (1926d [1925]). In a state of [[helplessness]] owing to its [[prematurity]], the preverbal [[human]] [[infant]] cries, experiences and recognizes its [[power]]lessness, and urgently alerts the succoring object.  The ability to apprehend its helplessness depends on the protective shield against stimuli, whose action is thus the basis of relationships, the precondition of effective [[communication]]. For [[Melanie Klein]] (1952/1975), the distress associated with the [[death instinct]], a source of tremendous persecution, precipitates [[projection]].  This is the foundation of what she calls the schizoid-paranoid position. When a human being is reduced to a state of helplessness, subjected to a primal kind of passivity by the impositions of others, he or she may seek to regain mastery through repetition of the experience.  For Kreisler et al. (1966), too much distress of this kind may cause psychosomatic disorders; for Tustin (1972), the result may be recourse to autistic defenses.