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==Jacques Lacan==
One of the most distinctive features of [[Lacanian psychoanalysis]] is [[Lacan]]'s approach to questions of [[time]].
Broadly [[speaking]], [[Lacan]]'s approach is characterised characterized by two important innovations: the [[concept ]] of [[logical time]], and the stress on [[retroaction]] and [[anticipation]].
=== Logical time Time=== In his paper entitled '"[[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|Logical timeTime]]' .<ref>" (1945</ref>), [[Lacan]] undermines the pretensions of [[logic]] to [[timelessness]] and [[eternity]] by showing how certain logical calculations include an inescapable reference to a '''[[temporality]]'''. However, the kind of [[temporality]] involved is not specificiable specificable by reference to the clock, but is itself the product of certain logical articulations. This [[distinction ]] between [[logical time]] and [[chronological time]] underpins [[Lacan]]'s whole [[theory of temporalitywhole]]. The fact that [[logical timetheory]] is not [[objective]] does not mean that it is simply a question of '''[[subjectivetemporality]] [[feeling]]; on the contrary, as the adjective '[[logical]]' indicates, it is a precise [[dialectical]] [[structure]] which may be formulated rigorously in [[mathematical]] [[terms]]'. In the 1945 paper, [[Lacan]] argues that [[logical time]] has a [[tripartite]] [[structure]], the three moments of which are:
===Tripartite Structure===
The fact that [[logical time]] is not [[objective]] does not mean that it is simply a question of [[subjective]] [[feeling]]; on the contrary, as the adjective "[[logical]]" indicates, it is a precise [[dialectical]] [[structure]] which may be formulated rigorously in [[mathematical]] [[terms]]. In the 1945 paper, [[Lacan]] argues that [[logical time]] has a [[tripartite]] [[structure]], the [[three]] moments of which are:
# the instant of [[seeing]];
# the time for [[understanding]];
# the moment of concluding.
By means of a sophism, (the problem of the [[three prisoners]], ) [[Lacan]] shows how these three moments are constructed not in terms of objective chronometric units but in terms of an [[intersubjective]] [[logic]] based on a tension between waiting and haste, between hesitation and urgency. [[Logical time]] is thus "the [[intersubjective]] [[time]] that [[structure]]s [[human]] [[action]]."<ref>{{E}} p.75</ref> [[Lacan]]'s notion of [[logical time]] is not just an exercise in logic; it also has practical consequences for psychoanalytic treatment. The most famous of these consequences, historically speaking, has been [[Lacan]]'s use of [[sessions of variable duration]] ([[French]]: sÈances scandÈes</ref>, which was regarded by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]) as sufficient grounds for excluding him from membership. However, to focus exclusively on this particular [[practice]] is to miss various other interesting clinical dimensions of the theory of [[logical time]], such as the way in which [[Lacan]]'s concept of "[[the time for understanding]]" can throw light on the [[Freud]]ian concept of [[working-through]].<ref>See Forrester, 1990: ch. 8.</ref> [[Lacan]]'s concept of [[logical time]] anticipates his incursions into [[Saussure]]an [[linguistics]], which is based on the distinction between the [[diachronic]] (or temporal) and the [[synchronic]] (atemporal) aspects of [[language]]. Hence [[Lacan]]'s increasing stress, beginning in the 1950s, on [[synchronic]] or [[timeless]] [[structure]]s rather than on [[developmental]] '[[stages]]'. Thus when [[Lacan]] uses the term '[[time]]', it is usually to be understood not as a fleeting [[diachronic]] moment but as a [[structure]], a relatively [[stable]] [[synchronic]] [[state]]. Similarly, when he speaks of "the three [[times]] of the [[Oedipus complex]]," the ordering is one of [[logical]] priority rather than of a [[chronological]] sequence. [[Change]] is not seen as a gradual or smooth move along a continuum, but as an abrupt shift from one discrete [[structure]] to another. [[Lacan]]'s emphasis on [[synchronic]] or [[timeless]] [[structure]]s can be seen as an attempt to explore [[Freud]]'s statement about the non-[[existence]] of [[time]] in the [[unconscious]]. However, [[Lacan]] modifies this with his proposal, in 1964, that the [[unconscious]] be characterised in terms of a [[temporal]] movement of opening and closing.<ref>{{S11}} p.143, 204</ref> ==Retroaction and anticipation==Other forms of [[psychoanalysis]], such as [[ego-psychology]] are based on a linear concept of [[time]] (as can be seen, for example, in their stress on a linear sequence of [[development]]al [[stage]]s through which the [[child]] [[naturally]] passes; see [[development]]). [[Lacan]], however, completely abandons such a linear notion of [[time]], since in the [[psyche]] [[time]] can equally well act in reverse, by [[retroaction]] and [[anticipation]]. === Retroaction===[[French]]: ''[[après coup]]'' [[Lacan]]'s term ''[[après coup]]'' is the term used by [[French]] [[analysts]] to translate [[Freud]]'s [[Nachtr‰glichkeit]] ('[[deferred action]]') These terms refer to the way that, in the [[psyche]], [[present]] [[event]]s affect [[past]] events a posteriori, since the [[past]] [[exist]]s in the [[psyche]] only as a set of [[memories]] which are constantly being re[[work]]ed and [[reinterpreted]] in the light of [[present]] experience. What concerns [[psychoanalysis]] is not the real [[past]] sequence of events in themselves, but the way that these events [[exist]] now in [[memory]] and the way that the [[patient]] reports them. Thus when [[Lacan]] argues that the [[aim]] of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] is 'the complete reconstitution of the [[subject]]'s [[history]],"<ref>{{S1}} p.12</ref>, he makes it clear that what he means by the term "[[history]]" is not simply a real sequence of [[past]] events, but "the present synthesis of the past."<ref>{{S1}} p.36</ref>
===Saussurean Linguistics===[[Lacan]]'s concept of [[logical time]] anticipates his incursions into [[Saussure]]an [[linguistics]], which is based on the distinction between the [[diachronic]] (or temporal) and the [[synchronic]] ([[time|atemporal]]) aspects of [[language]]. Hence [[Lacan]]'s increasing stress, beginning in the 1950s, on [[pregenitalsynchronic]] or [[stagetimeless]] [[structure]]s are not rather than on [[developmental]] "[[stages]]". Thus when [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[time]]", it is usually to be seen as real events chronologically prior to the [[genitalunderstood]] not as a fleeting [[stagediachronic]], moment but as forms of a [[demandstructure]] which are , a relatively [[projectstable]]ed [[retroactivelysynchronic]] onto the [[paststate]].<ref>{{E}} p.197</ref>
Similarly, when he speaks of "the three [[times]] of the [[Oedipus complex]]," the ordering is one of [[logical]] priority rather than of a [[chronological]] sequence. [[Change]] is not seen as a gradual or smooth move along a continuum, but as an abrupt shift from one discrete [[structure]] to [[another]]. [[Lacan]] also shows how 's emphasis on [[discoursesynchronic]] or [[timeless]] is [[structure]]d by s can be seen as an attempt to explore [[retroactionFreud]]'s [[statement]] [[about]]; only when the last non-[[wordexistence]] of the [[sentencetime]] is uttered do in the initial [[wordunconscious]]s acquire their . However, [[fullLacan]] modifies this with his proposal, in 1964, that the [[meaningunconscious]] (see be characterized in terms of a [[punctuationtemporal]])movement of opening and closing.<ref>{{ES11}} p.303143, 204</ref>
===Retroaction and Anticipation===Other forms of [[psychoanalysis]], such as [[ego-psychology]] are based on a linear concept of [[time]] (as can be seen, for example, in their stress on a linear sequence of [[development]]al [[stage]]s through which the [[child]] [[naturally]] passes; see [[development]]). [[Lacan]], however, completely abandons such a linear notion of [[time]], since in the [[psyche]] [[time]] can equally well act in reverse, by [[retroaction]] and [[anticipation]].
=====Anticipation=====If [[retroaction]] refers to the way the [[present]] affects the [[past]], [[anticipation]] refers to the way the [[future]] affects the [[present]]. Like [[retroaction]], [[anticipation]] marks the [[structure]] of [[speech]]; the first [[word]]s of a [[sentence]] are ordered in [[anticipation]] of the [[word]]s to come.<ref>{{E}} p. 303</ref> In the [[mirror stage]], the [[ego]] is [[construct]]ed on the basis of the [[anticipation]] of an imagined [[future]] [[wholeness]] which never, in fact, arrives. The [[structure]] of [[anticipation]] is best illustrated [[linguistically]] by the future-perfect tense.<ref>{{E}}p. 306</ref> [[Anticipation]] also plays an important [[role]] in the [[tripartite]] [[structure]] of [[logical time]]; the moment of concluding "is arrived at in haste, 306in [[anticipation]] of [[future]] [[certainty]]."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 209</ref>
==See Also=={{See}}* [[Development]]* [[Dialectic]]* [[Ego]]||* [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]* [[Intersubjectivity]]* [[AnticipationLanguage]] also plays an important role in the ||* [[tripartiteLinguistics]] * [[structureProgress]] of * [[logical timePunctuation]]; the moment of concluding "is arrived at in haste, in ||* [[anticipationSignification]] of * [[futureStructure]] * [[certaintyTreatment]]."<ref>{{EcAlso}} p.209</ref>
==References==
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