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Groddeck argued that "what we call the ego behaves essentially passively in life, and ... we are "lived" by known and uncontrollable forces,"<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Ego and the Id]]''. 1923b. [[SE]] XIX. p. 23</ref> and used the term ''[[das Es]]'' to denote these forces.
The term first appears in [[Freud]]'s work in the early 1920s, in the context of the second model of the [[pysche]]; in this model, the [[psyche]] is divided into three agencies: the [[id]], the [[ego]] and the [[superego]].
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[[Lacan]]'s main contribution to the theory of the [[id ]] is to stress that the "unknown and uncontrollable forces" in question are not primitive [[biological needs ]] [[need]]s or wild instinctual [[instinct]]ual forces of [[nature]], but must be conceived of in [[linguistic ]] terms:
<blockquote>The ''Es'' with which anlaysis is concerned is made of the signifier which is already there in the real, the uncomprehended signifier. It is already there, but it is made of the signifier, it is not some kind of primitive and confused property relevant to some kind of pre-established harmony...<ref>{{S4}} p.49</ref></blockquote>
