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==Sigmund Freud==
[[Freud]] borrowed the term ''[[das Es]]'' (which the ''[[Standard Edition]]'' translates as "[[the Id]]") from Georg Groddeck, one of the first [[German]] [[psychiatry|psychiatrists]] to support [[psychoanalysis]], although [[Freud]] also noted, Groddeck himself seems to have taken the term from [[Nietzche]].<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Ego and the Id]]''. 1923b. [[SE]] XIX. p. 23</ref>
=="Unknown and Uncontrollable Forces"==
Groddeck argued that "what we call the ego behaves essentially passively in [[life]], and ... we are 'lived' by unknown and uncontrollable forces,"<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Ego and the Id]]''. 1923b. [[SE]] XIX. p. 23</ref> and used the term ''[[das Es]]'' to denote these forces.
==Structural Model of the Psyche==
The term first appears in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] in the early 1920s, in the context of the second [[model]] of the [[psyche]]; in this model, the [[psyche]] is [[divided]] into [[three]] [[agencies]]: the [[id]], the [[ego]] and the [[superego]].
The [[id]] corresponds roughly to what [[Freud]] called the [[unconscious|unconsicous system]] in his first model of the [[psyche]], but there are also important differences between these two [[concepts]].
==Jacques Lacan==
[[Lacan]]'s main contribution to the [[theory]] of the [[id]] is to stress that the "unknown and uncontrollable forces" in question are not [[primitive]] [[biological]] [[need]]s or wild [[instinct]]ual forces of [[nature]], but must be conceived of in [[linguistic]] [[terms]]:
<blockquote>The ''Es'' with which analysis is concerned is made of the [[signifier]] which is already there in the [[real]], the uncomprehended signifier. It is already there, but it is made of the signifier, it is not some kind of primitive and confused property relevant to some kind of pre-established [[harmony]]...<ref>{{S4}} p. 49</ref></blockquote>
==Origin of Speech==
[[Lacan]] conceives of the [[id]] as the [[unconscious]] origin of [[speech]], the [[symbolic]] "it" beyond the [[imaginary]] [[ego]].
Thus whereas Groddeck states that "the [[affirmation]] 'I live' is only conditionally correct, it expresses only a small and superficial part of the fundamental [[principle]] 'Man is lived by the It,'"<ref>Groddeck, Georg. ''The Book of the It'', [[London]]: [[Vision]] Press, 1949 [1923]. p. 5</ref>, [[Lacan]]'s view could be summed up in similar terms, only replacing the verb "to live" with the verb "to [[speak]]"; the affirmation "I speak " is only a superifical part of the fundamental principle "Man is spoken by it."
Hence the phrase which [[Lacan]] frequently uses when discussing the [[id]]; "it speaks" (''le ca parle'').<ref>{{S7}} p. 206</ref>
==Subject==
The [[symbolic]] nature of the [[id]], beyond the [[imaginary]] [[sense]] of [[self]]-constituted by the [[ego]], is what leads [[Lacan]] to equate it with the term "[[subject]]".
This equation is illustrated by the homophony between the [[German]] term ''[[Id|Es]]'' and the [[letter]] '''S''', which is [[Lacan]]'s [[symbol]] for the [[subject]].<ref>{{E}} p. 129</ref>
==''Wo Es war, soll Ich werden''==
One of [[Freud]]'s most famous statements concerns the [[id]] and its [[relationship]] with [[psychoanalytic treatment]]; ''[[Wo Es war, soll Ich werden]]'' (which the [[Standard Edition]] renders "Where id was, there ego shall be.")<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis]]''. 1933a. [[SE]] XXII. p. 80</ref>
One common [[reading]] of this cryptic [[statement]] has been to take it as [[meaning]] that the task of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] is to enlarge the field of [[consciousness]]; it is just such a reading that is crystallized in the original [[French]] [[translation]] of [[Freud]]'s statement - ''le moi doit déloger le ça'' (the [[ego]] shall dislodge the [[id]]).
[[Lacan]] is completely opposed to such a reading.<ref>{{S1}} p. 195</ref>, arguing instead that the [[word]] ''soll'' is to be [[understood]] as an [[ethics|ethical injunction]], so that the [[end of analysis|aim]] of [[analysis]] is for the [[ego]] to submit to the [[autonomy]] of the [[symbolic order]].
Thus [[Lacan]] prefers to translate [[Freud]]'s statement as "there where it was, or there where one was ... it is my [[duty]] that I should come into being" [''Là où c'était, peut-on [[dire]], là où s'était . . . c'est mon devoir que je vienne à être''].<ref>{{E}} p. 129, 299-300; [[Ec]] p. 417-8</ref>
The [[end of analysis]], according to this view, is thus a kind of "existential [[recognition]]" of the [[symbolic]] determinants of one's [[being]], a recognition of the fact that "You are this" (You are this [[signifying chain|symbolic chain]], and no more).<ref>{{S1}} p. 3</ref>
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Biology]]
* [[Consciousness]]
* [[Ego]]
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* [[End of analysis]]
* [[Linguistics]]
* [[Nature]]
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* [[Speech]]
* [[Structure]]
* [[Subject]]
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* [[Superego]]
* [[Treatment]]
* [[Unconscious]]
{{Also}}
== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Freudian psychology]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Sigmund Freud]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
