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The [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]]) was founded by [[Freud]] in 1910 as an umbrella group for the various [[schools|psychoanalytic societies]] that were springing up around the world at that time.

The first headquarters were in Zurich, and later moved to London, but the [[International Psycho-Analytical AssociationAssociationAssociation|Association]] has been dominated by its American members ever since the 1930s, when most of the Viennese analysts emigrated to the United States.

[[Lacan ]] argued that [[Freud ]] had organised the [[IPA ]] in such a way because this was the only way of assuring that his theories, misunderstood by all his first followers, would remain intact for someone else ([[Lacan]]) to disinter and resuscitate later on.  The IPA, in other words, was like a tomb whose only function was to preserve Freud's doctrine despite the ignorance of the members of the association, the implication being that once Lacan had breathed new life into the doctrine, the IP A no longer had any valid function at all (see Lacan, 1956a).  Even more important than this were Lacan's criticisms of the IP A TRAINING programme, which he accused of ignoring , Freud's emphasis on the need for instruction in literary and cultural studies (Ec, 473), and for reducing the training analysis to a mere ritual.  The specific organisational structures on which Lacan organised his own school, such as the cartel and the pass, were aimed at ensuring that this school did not repeat these errors of the IP A.

On a theoretical level=====School=====The [[school|specific organisational structures]] on which [[Lacan]] organized his own [[school]], Lacan levelled various criticisms at all such as the main theoretical tendencies in [[cartel]] and the IPA[[pass]], including Kleinian psychoanalysis and object-relations theory, but his most sustained and profound criticisms were reserved for the aimed at ensuring that this [[school ]] did not repeat these errors of the [[ego-psychologyIPA]] which had achieved a dominant position in the IPA by the 1950s.

He accused =====Theoretical Level=====On a theoretical level, [[Lacan]] levelled various criticisms at all the main theoretical tendencies in the [[IPA of having betrayed Freud's most fundamental insights]], renaming it the SAMCDA (societe d'as­sistance mutuelle contre Ie discours analytique, or society for mutual assis­tance against analytic discourse including [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]] and [object- Lacan, 1973a: 27)relations theory]], but his most sustained and attributed this betrayal largely to profound criticisms were reserved for the fact that [[school]] of [[ego-psychology]] which had achieved a dominant position in the [[IPA was dominated ]] by the USA (see FACTOR c)1950s.

Lacan regarded his own teaching as a return He accused the [[IPA]] of having betrayed [[Freud]]'s most fundamental insights, renaming it the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|SAMCDA]] (''societe d'as­sistance mutuelle contre Ie discours analytique'', or society for mutual assis­tance against analytic discourse<ref>{{L}} 1973a: 27</ref), and attributed this betrayal largely to the insights fact that the [[IPA had betrayed (see FREUD. RETURN TO)]] was dominated by the USA.

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