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[[Adorno ]] contributed many studies of the manipulation of [[consciousness ]] by what he called the '[[culture ]] industries'. These became the cornerstone of a damning portrait of what Adorno saw as an increasingly 'administered [[world]]'. Against an increasingly [[irrational ]] and intractable world Adorno seeks to mobilise all the powers of [[philosophical ]] [[reason]]. ('We are wholly convinced … that [[social ]] [[freedom ]] is inseparable from enlightened [[thought]].') Yet, for Adorno, reason, in the [[form ]] of [[scientific ]] [[rationality ]] and means-end calculations, is itself part of the problem. In [[Dialectic ]] of [[Enlightenment ]] (1947), Adorno collaborated with Max [[Horkheimer ]] to [[diagnose ]] the dark side of the [[development ]] of reason. According to the allegory of the voyage of Odysseus, which Adorno constructs within the book, the repressive potential of reason does not arise with the eighteenth century Enlightenment conception of Reason (which Adorno labels '[[identity ]] [[logic]]' or 'the [[philosophy ]] of identity') but has its origins in the very beginnings of Western culture. The rationality bound to identity has always felt compelled to deny, [[repress ]] and violate singularity, [[difference ]] and [[otherness]]. Its extraordinary success in offering mankind domination over [[nature ]] leads inexorably to domination men over men (and of men over [[women]]). In the face of the darkness of this [[vision]], Adorno [[self]]-consiously affirms the wildest [[utopian ]] [[dream ]] of the Enlightenment of all: an end to [[human ]] [[suffering]]. "The only philosophy which can be responsibly practiced in the face of despair is the attempt to contemplate all things as they would [[present ]] themselves from the standpoint of redemption. …Perspectives must be fashioned that displace and estrange the world, reveal it to be, with its rifts and crevices, as indigent and distorted as it will appear one day in the messianic light." <ref>http://www.tasc.ac.uk/depart/MEDIA/staff/ls/Modules/Theory/Adorno.htm</ref>