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==Sigmund Freud and Biology==[[Freud]]'s [[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|work]] is [[full]] of references to [[biology]]. [[Freud]] regarded [[biology]] as a [[model]] of [[scientific]] rigor on which to base the new [[science]] of [[psychoanalysis]].
==Jacques Lacan==[[FreudLacan]]'s work , however, is full strongly opposed to any attempt to [[construct]] [[psychoanalysis]] upon a [[biology|biological model]], arguing that the direct application of references [[biological]] (or [[nature|ethological]]/[[psychology|psychological]]) [[:category:concepts|concepts]] (such as [[adaptation]]) to [[biologypsychoanalysis]] will inevitably be misleading and will obliterate the essential [[distinction]] between [[nature]] and [[culture]].
Such [[Freudbiology|biologizing explanations]] regarded of [[biologyhuman|human behavior]] as a ignore, according to [[scientificLacan]] model (, the ''primacy'' of the [[symbolic order]] in [[human]] [[existence]]. [[Lacan]] sees this "[[scientificbiology|biologism]] rigour) on which to base " in the new [[sciencework]] of those [[psychoanalyst]]s who have confused [[desire]] with [[need]], and [[drives]] with [[instinct]]s, [[psychoanalysis:category:concepts|concepts]]which he insists on distinguishing.
===History===These arguments are evident from the very earliest of [[Lacan]]'s [[psychoanalytic]] [[Works of Jacques Lacan|writings]]. In his [[{{Y}}|1938]] [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]] on the [[Freudfamily]], for example, he rejects any attempt to explain [[family]] borrowed concepts from [[biologystructure]] (such as s on the concept basis of the purely [[drivescience|biological data]) but reworked them in such a radical way ], and argues that they become totally new concepts[[human]] [[psychology]] is regulated by [[complex]]es rather than by [[instinct]]s.<ref>{{1938}} pp. 23-4</ref>
[[Freud]] certainly did not confuse [[psychoanalysis]] with [[biology]] or any [[other]] exact [[science]], and when he borrowed [[:category:concepts|concepts]] from [[biology]] (such as the [[:category:concepts|concept]] of the [[drive]]) he reworked [[them]] in such a radical way that they become totally new [[:category:concepts|concepts]]. For example, the [[:category:concepts|concept]] of the [[death instinct]] "is not a question of biology."<blockquoteref>{{E}} p. 102</ref> [[Lacan]] assertsexpresses this point with a [[paradox]]: <blockquote>"[[Freudian ]] biology has [[nothing ]] to do with biology."<ref>{{S2}} p.75</ref></blockquote>
==Biological Reduction===Phallus=====[[Lacan]], like [[Freud]], uses [[:category:concepts|concepts]] borrowed from [[biology]] (i.e. [[imago]], dehiscence), and then reworks them in an entirely [[symbolic]] framework. Perhaps the most significant example of this is [[Lacan]]'s [[concept]] of the [[phallus]], which he conceives as a [[signifier]] and not as a [[body|bodily organ]]. Thus while [[Freud]] conceives of the [[castration complex]] and [[sexual difference]] in [[terms]] of the [[presence]] and [[absence]] of the [[penis]], [[Lacan]] theorizes them in [[biology|non-biological]], [[biology|non-anatomical]] terms -- the [[presence]] and [[absence]] of the [[phallus]]. This has been one of the main attractions of [[Lacan]]ian [[theory]] for certain [[feminist]] writers who have seen it as a way of constructing a [[biology|non-essentialist]] account of gendered [[subjectivity]].
=====Culture=====However, while [[Lacan]] opposed consistently rejects all forms of [[science|biologicalreductionism]] reductionism, he also rejects the [[culture|culturalist]] [[position]] which completely ignores the relevance of [[biology]]. If "[[biology|biologizing]]" is [[understood]] correctly (that is, not as the application reduction of [[psychic]] phenomena to crude [[biology|biologicaldetermination]] (or ethological, but as discerning the precise way in which biological data impact on the [[psychical]] field), then [[Lacan]] is all in favor of [[biology|biologizing thought]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 723</ref> The clearest examples of this are [[Lacan]]'s appeals to examples from [[psychologicalanimal]]) concepts (such [[nature|ethology]] to demonstrate the [[power]] of [[image]]s to act as releasing mechanisms; hence [[Lacan]]'s references to pigeons and locusts in his account of the [[mirror stage]],<ref>{{E}} p. 3</ref> and to crustaceans in his account of [[adaptationmimicry]].<ref>{{S11}} p. 99</ref> Thus in his account of [[sexual difference]], [[biologicalLacan]] follows [[Freud]]'s [[rejection]] explanations of the [[humanfalse]] dichotomy between "anatomy or convention".<ref>{{F}} ''[[behaviorWorks of Sigmund Freud|New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis]]) to '', [[psychoanalysisSE]]XXII, 1933a. p.114</ref>
==References==
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