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The term [[censorship]] in everyday [[language]] connotes ideas of blame and [[repression]] of faults.
This is how it appears in [[Freud]] in [[Studies on Hysteria]]:
<blockquote>"we are very often astonished to realize in what a mutilated [[state]] all the [[ideas]] and scenes emerged which we extracted from the patient by procedure of pressing. Precisely the essential elements of the picture were [[missing]] [...] I will give one or two examples of the way in which a censoring of this kind operates..."<ref>1895b, p. 281-282</ref></blockquote>
He then shows that what is censored is what appears to the patient to be blameworthy, shameful, and inadmissible.
In a [[letter]] to [[Wilhelm Fleiss]]<ref>December 22, 1897, in 1950a</ref> he compares this [[psychic]] [[work]] to the [[censorship]] that the czarist [[regime]] imposed on Russian newspapers at the [[time]]:
<blockquote>"[[Words]], sentences and [[whole]] paragraphs are blacked out, with the result that the [[remainder]] is unintelligible."<ref>1950a, p. 240</ref></blockquote>
Although the term appears quite frequently in writings from this first period, its status remains uncertain.
[[Freud]] seems to be describing the deliberate [[suppression]] by [[patient]]s, in their [[communication]] with the doctor, of what they do not wish to reveal to him, as well as the [[mechanism]] and effects of [[unconscious]] [[repression]].<ref>1896b</ref>
A second [[meaning]] appears when he evokes the [[censorship]] which, in [[dream-work]], results in a [[manifest]] [[text]] [[being]] presented as a riddle.<ref>[[Interpretation]] of [[Dreams]], 1900a</ref>
The metapsychological [[texts]] of 1915 elaborate on the distinctions outlined in chapter seven of the [[Interpretation of Dreams]].
[[Censorship]] is in fact defined as that which opposes the [[return]] of that which is [[repressed]], at the two successive levels in the passage from the [[unconscious]] to the [[preconscious]] (the "antechamber") and on to the [[conscious]] (the "drawing-room").<ref>1915e</ref>
[[Censorship]] is thus clearly distinguished from [[repression]]: whereas [[repression]] rejects a [[representation]] and/or an [[affect]] into the [[unconscious]], [[censorship]] is what prevents it from re-emerging.
[[Freud]] nevertheless confuses this [[distinction]] later when he writes, for example:
<blockquote>"We [[know]] the [[self]]-observing [[agency]] as the ego-censor, the [[conscience]]; it is this that exercises the dream-censorship during the night, from which the repressions of inadmissible wishful impulses proceed."<ref>1916-17a, p. 429</ref></blockquote>
With the introduction of the [[structural theory]] [[Freud]] made a new distinction, with the [[ego]] becoming the [[agent]] of the [[censorship]] under the [[superego]]—the merciless supervisor.<ref>1923b</ref>
Although the [[notion]] of [[censorship]] continues to be fairly widely used in [[psychoanalysis]] to describe [[resistance]] to the [[treatment]], it has scarcely received any further elaboration and its [[global]] [[nature]] may [[cause]] it to appear to be somewhat outmoded.
==See Also==
* [[Dream]]
* [[Dream interpretation]]
* [[Ego]]
* [[Fantasy]]
* [[Fundamental rule]]
* [[Hysteria]]
* [[Jokes]]
* [[Latent]]
* [[Nightmare]]
* [[Preconscious]]
* [[Repression]]
* [[Superego]]
* [[Wish]]/[[yearning]]
==References==
<references/>
* [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1895b). On the grounds for detaching a [[particular]] syndrome from neurasthenia under the description "[[anxiety]] [[neurosis]]." SE, 3: 85-115.
* ——. (1896b). Further remarks on the neuro-[[psychoses]] of [[defence]]. SE, 3: 157-185.
* ——. (1900a). The [[interpretation of dreams]]. SE, 4-5.
* ——. (1915e). The unconscious. SE, 14: 159-204.
* ——. (1916-1917a). Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. Parts I & II. SE, 15-16.
* ——. (1923b). The ego and [[The Id|the id]]. SE, 19: 1-66.
* ——. (1950a). Extracts from the [[Fliess]] papers. SE, 1: 173-280.
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[[Category:Enotes]]
