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{| align=def"[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''|-| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}

Freud's concept of Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive (Trieb) (pulsion) lies at ]] is completely removed from the heart of his theory realm of sexuality[[biology]].

For Freud, the distinctive feature ====Aim of human sexuality, as opposed to the sexual life of other animals, is that it is not regulated by any Drive====The [[instinctdrive]] (a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship to an object) but by the drives, which s differ from instincts [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they are extremely variablecan never be [[satisfied]], and develop in ways which are contingent on the life history of the subjectdo not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.

[[Lacan]] reaffirms the Freudian distinction between The [[drive]] (''Trieb'') and [[instinct]] (''Instinkt'')cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>E 301{{S11}} p.162</ref>

[[Instinct]] denotes It is a thoroughly [[myth]]ical pre-linguistic [[need]].[[Drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].[[Drive]], unlike [[biology|biological]] [[need]]s, can never be [[satisfactionculture|satisfiedcultural]].and [[Drivesymbolic]]s do not aim at an [[objectconstruct]] but rather circle perpetually round it.

[[Lacan]] argues that thus empties the purpose concept of the [[drive]] is not to reach a goal (a final destination) but to follow its aim (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>Sll, 168</ref> Thus the real purpose of the lingering references in [[driveFreud]] is not some 's [[mythwork]]ical goal of full [[satisfaction]], but to return to its circular path, energetics and the real source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive]] movement of this closed circuithydraulics.

==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan reminds his readers that Freud defined ]] incorporates the drive as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: of the pressure, [[drive]] in his theory of the end, the object and the source[[drive]]'s circuit.

The In this circut, the [[drive]] does not refer to "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>Sll, 162</ref> The originates in an [[driveerogenous zone]] is a thoroughly cultural and symbolic construct.

Lacan incorporates the four elements of the drive in his theory of the drive's 'circuit'# The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. In this circuit, the drive originates in an erogenous zone, circles round the object, and then returns to the erogenous zone. This circuit is structured by the three grammatical voicessee)

1 The active voice (e.g. to see)2 The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)3 # The [[passive ]] voice (e.g. to be seen)

The first of these two times (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic: they lack a subject Only in the third time (the passive voice), when the drive completes its circuit, does 'a new subject' appear (which is to say that before this time, there was no subject).<ref> see S11, 178</ref> Although the [[third time ]] is the passive voice, the [[drive ]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan ]] writes that the third time not as '"to be seen' " but as '"to make oneself be seen'. Even supposedly 'passive' phases of the drive such as masochism involve activity.<ref>Sll, 200</ref> The circuit of the drive is the only way for the subject to transgress the pleasure principle."

Freud argued that sexuality is composed The circuit of a number of partial drives (Ger. Partieltrieb) such as the oral [[drive and ]] is the anal drive, each specified by a different source (a different erotogenic zone). At first these component drives function anarchically and independently (viz. only way for the 'polymorphous perversity' of children), but in puberty they become organised and fused together under [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the primacy of the genital organs.<ref>Freud, 1905d</ref> Lacan emphasises the partial nature of all drives, but differs from Freud on two points[[pleasure principle]].

===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] rejects the idea that emphasizes the partial drives can ever attain any complete organisation or fusion, arguing that the primacy [[nature]] of the genital zoneall [[drive]]s, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair. He thus challenges the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after but differs from [[Freud, of a genital drive in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious fashion.]] on two points:

2. # [[Lacan argues ]] rejects the [[idea]] that the partial drives are partialcan ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, not in aruging that the sense that they are parts priamcy of a whole (a 'the genital drive')zone, if achieved, but in the sense that they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent the reproductive function of sexuality but only the dimension of enjoymentis always a highly precarious affair.<ref>Sll, 204</ref>

Lacan identifies four partial drives: He thus challenges the oral drive[[notion]], the anal driveput forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], the scopic of a [[genital drive, and ]] in which the invocatory drive. Each of these partial drives is specified by a different partial object and are completely integrated in a different erogenous zone[[harmonious]] relation.

The first two drives relate to demand, whereas # [[Lacan]] argues that the second pair relate to desire.In 1957[[drive]]s are partial, not in the context [[sense]] that thy are parts of the graph of desire, Lacan proposes the formula a [[whole]] (SO Da 'genital drive') as , but in the sense that they only [[mathemerepresent]] for sexuality partially; they do not represent the drive. This formula is to be read: the barred subject in relation to demand, the fading [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the subject before the insistence [[dimension]] of a demand that persists without any conscious intention to sustain itenjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>

He was thus led to reconceptualise ===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the dualism of [[drive|oral drive]], the drives in terms of an opposition between [[drive|anal drive]], the life drives (Lebenstriebe) [[drive|scopic drive]], and the death drives (Todestriebe)[[drive|invocatory drive]].

Lacan argues that it is important to retain Freud's dualism, and rejects the monism Each of Jung, who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.<ref>(Sl, l18-20).</ref> However, Lacan prefers to reconceptualise this dualism in terms of an opposition between the symbolic and the imaginary, and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of drives. Thus, for Lacan, all drives are sexual drives, and every these [[drive ]]s is specified by a different [[death drivepartial object]]. Since every drive is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructivea different [[erogenous zone]].<ref> (Ec,848)</ref>

The drives are closely related to {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[desire:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]; both originate in the field of the subject, as opposed to the genital drive, which (if it exists) finds its form on the side of the Other.<ref>(Sll, 189)'''</refBR> ! align="center" | However, the !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive is not merely another name for desire: they are the partial aspects in which desire is realised. Desire is one and undivided, whereas the drives are partial manifestations of desire.]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}

==defThe Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]].

This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref> ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]]. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Death drive]]* [[Demand]]||* [[Desire]]* [[Instinct]]* [[Need]]||* [[Pleasure principle]]* [[Sexuality]]* [[Subject]]{{Also}} == References ==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">

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