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Ernest Jones, a British [[psychoanalyst]], was [[born ]] at Gowerton, Glamorgan, Wales, on January 1, 1879, and died in [[London ]] on February 11, 1958. The product of a middle-[[class ]] Welsh [[family]], Jones was educated at Swansea Grammar [[School ]] and [[University ]] College, Cardiff, and received his medical [[training ]] at University College Hospital, London. His interests at this early [[stage ]] of his career included [[clinical ]] [[medicine]], surgery, [[neurology]], [[pathology]], and also clinical [[psychiatry]]. He qualified in 1900 for a gold medal in the London M.D. examination. He became a member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1904 and received a Diploma of [[Public ]] Health (Cam-bridge) in 1905. After qualifying, he held various hospital appointments and published several papers on [[childhood ]] and [[adult ]] neurological diseases.

In 1906, with his friend Lewis Trotter, he discovered [[Freud]]'s writings, and this stimulated his interest in the [[German ]] [[language]]. In 1907, as a graduate student, he went to Munich, where he discovered German neurology and psychiatry.

[[Psychoanalysis ]] and the new interest in the emotional [[life ]] of the [[individual ]] brought [[about ]] a deep [[change ]] in him. In April 1908 he visited [[Vienna ]] with [[Abraham ]] Arden Brill, met [[Sigmund Freud ]] for the first [[time]], and discussed plans on how to translate and propagate Freud's [[work ]] in the Anglo-American [[world]]. In a paper written in the same year and given at the International [[Psychoanalytical ]] Congress at Salzburg, Jones coined the term "[[rationalization]]," which was accepted by Freud and became part of the technical language of psychoanalysis to indicate a way of trying to make [[sense ]] of [[unconscious ]] motivations by rationalizing [[them]]. Partly because of a series of severe setbacks that broke the progression of his career in London, in 1909 he emigrated to Canada, where he became Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto.

While in Canada, Jones was in touch with neurologists and psychiatrists in the [[United States]]. He became assistant editor of Morton Prince's newly founded Journal of Abnormal [[Psychology]], in which he published several papers on psychoanalysis. He also organized the American [[Psychoanalytic ]] [[Association]], intended for [[psychoanalysts ]] scattered all over the United States. In the meantime, he kept in touch with Freud in Vienna and accompanied Freud when the latter visited the United States to lecture at [[Clark University]].

After he returned to England in 1913, Jones undertook a short personal [[analysis ]] with Sándor Ferenczi. During the same year he founded the London [[Society ]] of Psychoanalysis, but he eventually dissolved the society because some of his important followers favored Carl Gustav [[Jung]]. During the years of the First World War, Jones continued practicing as a private [[analyst ]] in London and also lecturing widely on psychoanalysis both in London and [[outside]], contributing to the gradual diffusion of the new [[discipline ]] in the medical [[profession]], which was highly resistant, and among the larger public. Particularly important were his contributions on the [[subject ]] of shell-shock [[neuroses]].

In 1919 Jones founded the British [[Psycho]]-Analytical Society. Having lost his first wife in 1918, in 1919 he [[married ]] the Viennese Katherine Jokl. Shortly thereafter, in 1920, he established the International Psychoanalytical Press in collaboration with the Hogarth Press, founded the International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, which he edited from 1920 to 1939, and coordinated a group of translators—including [[James ]] and Alix Strachey, Joan Riviere, and John Rick-man—in the first systematic [[translation ]] of Freud's works into [[English]]. As early as the 1920s Jones put forth the [[idea ]] of a standard edition of Freud's work. To him we owe many of the English [[terms ]] of Freud's technical language. Jones played a fundamental [[role ]] in helping Melanie [[Klein ]] to come to England in 1926.

Prior to the Second World War he effectively ruled psychoanalysis in England and had enormous influence in organizing the international psychoanalytical movement, the result [[being ]] the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]]. Significant were his [[struggle ]] to achieve [[scientific ]] status for psychoanalysis in England, his attempts to develop the British way of [[looking ]] at psychoanalysis, and his [[defense ]] of Klein's views against the severe criticisms of Freud and his daughter Anna, while managing to remain a [[good ]] friend and collaborator of Freud and to continue his own scientific production. Jones also became president of the International Psychoanalytical Association, a [[position ]] he held for 17 years in [[total ]] and finally relinquished in 1949.

In the late 1930s, when the pressure of the [[Nazi ]] [[persecution ]] of [[Jews ]] made life [[impossible ]] for his colleagues in Berlin, Vienna, and Budapest, Jones, with the [[help ]] of his American colleague Brill and [[Marie Bonaparte]], managed to get nearly fifty European psychoanalysts out of their countries first to England and then mainly to North America. Particularly important was the rescue of Freud and his family in 1938. Jones played an important role in trying to mediate between [[Anna Freud ]] and [[Melanie Klein ]] during the so called "controversial discussions" in the early 1940s. In 1946 he retired from the [[active ]] life of the British PsychoAnalytical Society to the Plat, his beautiful cottage in Sussex. He devoted the last ten years of his life to [[writing ]] Freud's biography The Life and [[Work of Sigmund Freud ]] (1953-1957) and his autobiography Free [[Associations ]] (1959), as well as to collecting and reediting some of his clinical papers Papers on Psycho-Analysis ([[1948]]), despite a cancer of the bladder, which eventually killed him.

Jones was undoubtedly the finest organizer and politician in the first generation of Freud's followers. Without his prodigious [[energy ]] and enormous work, psychoanalysis, both in the Anglo-American sphere and the world at large, would not have been able to assert itself as it did. Yet no one should forget Jones's [[theoretical ]] and clinical contributions to psychoanalysis and his wide interest in applied psychoanalysis. His [[notion ]] of [[female ]] [[aphanisis ]] (a syndrome of [[psychic ]] blankness) is a significant contribution. Among his publications, particularly important are "The [[Theory ]] of [[Symbolism]]" (1948c) and "The Early [[Development ]] of Female [[Sexuality]]" (1948a), influenced by Melanie Klein. Jones collected his papers on applied psychoanalysis in Essays on Applied Psychoanalysis (1964), which shows the importance he gave to this area of research in psychoanalysis. One should also [[remember ]] his work On the [[Nightmare ]] (1910) and his classic psychoanalytic [[interpretation ]] of [[Hamlet]]: [[Oedipus ]] and Hamlet (1949). For decades his biography of Freud (1953-1957) has been considered the standard biography of Freud's life.

Works discussed: [[Hamlet and Oedipus]]; Sigmund Freud: Life and Work.

See also: American Psychoanalytic Association; [[Boundary violations]]; British Psycho-Analytical Society; Canada; Controversial Discussions; Erythrophobia; [[Eroticism]], [[anal]]; [[Feminism ]] and psychoanalysis; First World War: The effect on the deverlopment of psychoanalysis; Functional phenomenon; Great [[Britain]]; International Journal of Psychoanalysis, The; International Psychoanalytical Association; [[Lay analysis]]; Nightmare; [[Phallic ]] [[mother]]; Psychoanalytic Review, The; [[Psychotherapy]]; Rationalization; [[Scoptophilia]]/scopophilia; [[Secret ]] Committee; [[Shakespeare ]] and psychoanalysis; [[Standard Edition ]] of the [[Complete ]] [[Psychological ]] [[Works of Sigmund Freud]]; [[Symbol]]; Symbolism; Tavistock [[Clinic]].[[Bibliography]]