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| + | '''Francis Fukuyama'''([[born]] October 27, 1952 in Chicago) is an influential American [[philosopher]], [[political]] economist and [[author]]. He received his B.A. from Cornell [[University]] in classics, his Ph.D. from Harvard in Political [[Science]], and is currently Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of International Political [[Economy]] and Director of the International [[Development]] Program at the [[Paul]] H. Nitze [[School]] of Advanced International Studies at the Johns Hopkins University. |
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| − | '''Francis Fukuyama''' (born [[October 27]], [[1952]] in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]) is an influential [[United States|American]] philosopher, [[Political economy|political economist]] and author. He received his B.A. from [[Cornell University]] in classics, his Ph.D. from [[Harvard]] in Political Science, and is currently Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of [[International Political Economy]] and Director of the International Development Program at the [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]] at the [[Johns Hopkins University]]. | |
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| | ==Biography== | | ==Biography== |
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| − | Fukuyama is best known as the author of ''[[The End of History and the Last Man]]'', in which he argued that the progression of human history as a struggle between ideologies is largely at an end, with the world settling on [[liberal democracy]] after the end of the [[Cold War]] and when the [[Berlin Wall]] fell in 1989. Fukuyama's prophecy declares the eventual triumph of political and economic liberalism. He has written a number of other books, among them ''[[Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity]]'' and ''[[Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution]]''. In the latter, he qualified his original "end of history" thesis, arguing that since biotechnology increasingly allows humans to control their own [[evolution]], it may allow humans to become fundamentally unequal, and thus spell the end of liberal democracy as a workable system..
| + | <blockquote> |
| | + | <ref>Žižek, S. (2000) [[The Fragile Absolute]], or Why the [[Christian]] Legacy is Worth Fighting For, [[London]] and New York: Verso. p. 10</ref></blockquote> |
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| − | Fukuyama is sometimes criticized as being a [[bioluddite]] because of his critiques of the political ramifications of [[transhumanism]], though to others Fukuyama is considered more of a [[bioconservative]] because of his cautious support for [[genetically modified organism]] technologies.
| + | ==References== |
| | + | <references/> |
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| − | Politically, Fukuyama has in the past been considered [[Neoconservatism|neoconservative]]. He was active in the [[Project for the New American Century]] think-tank starting in 1997, and signed the organization's letter recommending that [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] overthrow the then-President of [[Iraq]], [[Saddam Hussein]]. [http://www.newamericancentury.org/iraqclintonletter.htm] He also joined in its similar letter to President [[George W. Bush]] after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], a letter that called for removing Saddam Hussein from power "even if evidence does not link Iraq directly to the attack". [http://www.newamericancentury.org/Bushletter.htm]
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| − | Thereafter, however, he drifted from the neoconservative agenda, which he felt had become overly militaristic and based on muscular, unilateral armed intervention to further democratization within authoritarian regimes (particularly in the Middle East). He did not approve of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] as it was executed, and called for [[Donald Rumsfeld]]'s resignation as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [http://www.zaman.com/?bl=international&alt=&trh=20040714&hn=10372]. He said that he would vote against Bush in the 2004 election [http://clublet.com/why?WhyIWontVoteForGeorgeBush], and said Bush made three major mistakes:
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| − | *The threat of radical islamism to the US was overestimated.
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| − | *The Bush administration didn't see the fierce negative reaction to its ''benevolent hegemony'' coming. From the very beginning it showed a negative attitude towards the [[United Nations]] and other international organisations and didn't see that that would increase [[anti-Americanism]] in other countries.
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| − | *The Bush administration misjudged what was needed to bring peace in [[Iraq]] and was overly optimistic about the success with which [[social engineering]] could be applied to Iraq and the [[Middle East]] in general.
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| − | Fukuyama's current beliefs include: the US should use its power to promote democracy in the world, but more along the lines of what he calls ''realistic [[Wilsonianism]]'', with military intervention only as a last resort and only in addition to other measures. A latent military force is more likely to have an effect than actual deployment. The US spends as much on its military as the rest of the world put together, but Iraq shows there are limits to its effectiveness. The US should instead stimulate political and economic development and gain a better understanding of what happens in other countries. The best instruments are setting a good example and providing education and, in many cases, money. The secret of development, be it political or economic, is that it never comes from outsiders, but always from people in the country itself. One thing the US is good at is the formation of international institutions. These would combine power with legitimacy. But such measures require a lot of patience. {{citation needed}}
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| − | In an essay in the ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'' in [[2006]] that was strongly critical of the invasion [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/magazine/neo.html?ex=1298005200&en=4126fa38fefd80de&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss], he identified neoconservatism with [[Leninism]]. He wrote that the neoconservatives
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| − | <blockquote>believed that history can be pushed along with the right application of power and will. Leninism was a tragedy in its [[Bolshevik]] version, and it has returned as farce when practiced by the United States. Neoconservatism, as both a political symbol and a body of thought, has evolved into something I can no longer support.</blockquote>
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| − | He also announced the end of the "neoconservative moment" and argued for the demilitarization of the war on terrorism:
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| − | <blockquote>"[W]ar" is the wrong metaphor for the broader struggle, since wars are fought at full intensity and have clear beginnings and endings. Meeting the jihadist challenge is more of a "long, twilight struggle" whose core is not a military campaign but a political contest for the hearts and minds of ordinary [[Muslim]]s around the world.</blockquote>
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| − | In August 2005 Fukuyama, together with a number of other prominent political thinkers, co-founded ''[http://www.the-american-interest.com The American Interest]'', a quarterly magazine devoted to the broad theme of "America in the World". The editorial tone of the publication is largely bi-partisan and is an attempt to transcend the polemical discourse that dominates discussions of contemporary American foreign policy.
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| − | Fukuyama was a member of the [[President's Council on Bioethics]] from 2001-2005.
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| − | Fukuyama is on the steering committee for the [[Scooter Libby]] Legal Defense Trust [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/03/politics/03libby.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin]. Fukuyama is a long-time friend of Libby. They served together in the State Department in the 1980s.
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| − | Fukuyama is also a part-time photographer and has a keen interest in classical furniture which he makes by hand. He is married to Laura Holmgren and has three children.
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| − | ==Books==
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| − | *''[[The End of History and the Last Man]].'' Free Press, 1992. ISBN 0029109752
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| − | *''[[Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity]].'' Free Press, 1995. ISBN 0029109760
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| − | *''[[The Great Disruption]]: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order.'' Free Press, 1999. ISBN 068484530X
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| − | *''[[Our Posthuman Future]]: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution.'' Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002. ISBN 0374236437
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| − | *''[[State-Building]]: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century.'' [[Cornell University]] Press, 2004. ISBN 0801442923
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| − | *''[[After the Neocons: America at the Crossroads]].'' 2006.
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| − | *''America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy'' ([[Yale University]] Press, 2006). ISBN 0300113994
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| − | ==Essays==
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| − | *''[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_76/ai_n6127311 The Neoconservative Moment]'', [[The National Interest]], Summer 2004
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| − | *''[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/magazine/neo.html?ex=1298005200&en=4126fa38fefd80de&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss After Neoconservatism]'', [[The New York Times]] ''Magazine'', 19 February 2006
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| − | *[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/14/books/14kaku.html?ex=1299992400&en=9af0b4a959ee28ac&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Supporter's Voice Now Turns on Bush], [[The New York Times]] ''Magazine'', 14 March 2006
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| − | *[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-op-fukuyama9apr09,1,2307957.story "Why shouldn't I change my mind?"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', [[April 9]], 2006
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Transhumanism#Brave_New_World_argument|''Brave New World'' argument]]
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| − | *[[Bioconservatism]]
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| − | *[[Biopolitics]]
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| − | *[[Neoconservatism]]
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/dangerous.html Nick Bostrom's rebuttal of Fukuyama's views on biotechnology]
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| − | *[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/magazine/neo.html After Neoconservatism] ''New York Times'' [[19 February]] [[2006]].
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| − | *[http://www.thetalent.org/Video/frm-main.php?show=19&quality=stop Interview with Francis Fukuyama (The Talent) [[28 April]] [[2005]]]
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| − | *[http://www.sais-jhu.edu/faculty/fukuyama/Biography.html Biography from Francis Fukuyama's website]
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| − | *Danny Postel. [http://www.opendemocracy.net/debates/article-3-117-2190.jsp ''Fukuyama’s moment: a neocon schism opens'']
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| − | * [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1156 ''RightWeb'' profile of Francis Fukuyama]
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| − | * [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Francis_Fukuyama ''SourceWatch'' profile of Francis Fukuyama]
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| − | * [http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?id=1521846767-2618 Profile: Francis Fukuyama], ''Center for Cooperative Research''.
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| − | * [http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=266122006 anti-Iraq war]
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| − | * [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/lnl/s1615135.htm Interview on ABC Radio Late Night Live] Fukuyama discusses ''After the Neo-Cons: America at the Crossroads'' - [[MP3]] [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/feeds/lnl_20060412.mp3 download of program] broadcast on 12 April 2006
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| − | * [http://meaningoflife.tv/video.php?speaker=fukuyama&topic=complete Robert Wright interviews Francis Fukuyama (meaningoflife.tv)]
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| − | [[Category:1952 births|Fukuyama, Francis]] | + | [[Category:Philosophy]] |
| − | [[Category:Living people|Fukuyama, Francis]]
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| − | [[Category:American political writers|Fukuyama, Frances]]
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| − | [[Category:American technology writers|Fukuyama, Frances]]
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| − | [[Category:Japanese Americans|Fukuyama, Francis]]
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| − | [[Category:American political scientists|Fukuyama, Frances]]
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| − | [[Category:Johns Hopkins University|Fukuyama, Frances]]
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| − | [[Category:Project for the New American Century|Fukuyama, Francis]]
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| − | [[Category:Neoconservatives|Fukuyama, Francis]]
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| − | [[Category:Anti-war activists|Fukuyama, Francis]]
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| − | [[Category:Cornell University alumni|Fukuyama, Francis]]
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| − | [[Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty|Fukuyama, Francis]]
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| | [[Category:Politics]] | | [[Category:Politics]] |
| | [[Category:People]] | | [[Category:People]] |
