The state of helplessness is linked to the infant{{Topp}}détresse]]'s initial powerlessness in the face of its needs. This causes distress, as the protective shield is overwhelmed; only the intervention of another person can relieve this suffering.'|-| [[German]]: ''[[Hilflosigkeit{{Bottom}}
==Dependency==The neurophysiological model of Sigmund Freud's term "Project for a Scientific Psychology[[helplessness]]" (1950c is used in [[1895psychoanalysis]]) posits to denote the baby's original helplessness as the prototype [[state]] of all traumatic situations. Helplessness and satisfaction structure the two modes newborn [[development|infant]] who is incapable of mental functioning. In carrying out the primary mode, the desired object and desired satisfaction are hallucinated immediately through recathexis of the memory traces left by the real experience. In the secondary mode, a lasting discharge forms the basis for the relationship specific [[act]]ions required to the real object[[desire|satisfy]] its own [[need]]s, lost and rediscovered thanks to "indications of reality," and invested with so is completely ''dependent'' on [[other]] [[people]] (especially the meaning "mutual understanding[[mother]])."
Helplessness and ==Prematurity==The [[helplessness]] of the theory [[development|human infant]] is grounded in its "'''[[prematurity]]'''" of anxiety are closely linked. The helpless baby[[birth]], powerless to fulfill its needs a fact which was pointed out by [[Freud]] and without any adequate means of discharging internal excitation, experiences "automatic anxietywhich [[Lacan]] takes up in his [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|early writings]]." Anticipation of helplessness triggers "signal anxiety Compared to other [[nature|animal]]s such as apes," the ego[[development|human infant]] is relatively unformed when it is [[born]], especially with respect to ''[[motor coordination]]''. This means that it is more ''dependent'' than other [[nature|animal]]s appeal to the ego (1926d , and for a longer [[time]], on its [[1925parents]]).
In ==Mother-Child Dual Relation==[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in highlighting the importance of the initial ''[[dependence]]'' of the [[development|human infant]] on the '''[[mother]]'''. [[Lacan]]'s originality lies in the way he draws attention to "the fact that this dependence is maintained by a state [[world]] of helplessness owing to its prematurity, [[language]].<ref>{{E}} p. 309</ref> The [[mother]] [[interpretation|interpret]]s the preverbal human [[infant ]]'s criesas hunger, experiences and recognizes its powerlessnesstiredness, loneliness, etc. and urgently alerts the succoring object[[punctuation|retroactively]] determines their [[signification|meaning]] (see [[punctuation]]). The ability to apprehend its [[development|child]]'s [[helplessness depends on ]] contrasts with the omnipotence of the protective shield against stimuli[[mother]], whose action is thus who can decide whether or not to [[desire|satisfy]] the basis [[development|child]]'s [[need]]s.<ref>{{S4}} p. 69, 185</ref> The [[recognition]] of relationships, this contrast engenders a depressive effect in the precondition of effective communication[[child]].<ref>{{S4}} p.186</ref>
For Melanie Klein (1952==End of Analysis==[[Lacan]] also uses the [[concept]] of [[helplessness]] to illustrate the [[sense]] of '''abandonment''' and '''[[subjective destitution]]''' that the [[analysand]] feels at the [[end of analysis]]. "At the end of a [[training]] [[analysis]] the [[subject]] should reach and [[know]] the [[domain]] and level of the [[experience]] of absolute disarray."<ref>{{S7}} p. 304</1975)ref> The [[end of analysis]] is not conceived of by [[Lacan]] as the realization of some blissful plenitude, but quite the contrary, as a [[moment]] when the distress associated [[subject]] comes to [[terms]] with his utter solitude. However, whereas the death instinct[[development|infant]] can rely on its [[mother]]'s [[helplessness|help]], the [[analysand]] at the [[end of analysis]] "can expect [[help]] from no one."<ref>{{S7}} p. 304</ref> If this seems to [[present]] a source particularly ascetic view of tremendous persecution[[treatment|psychoanalytic treatment]], this is exactly how [[Lacan]] wishes it to be seen; [[psychoanalysis]] is, precipitates projectionin [[Lacan]]'s [[words]], a "long [[subjective]] ascesis. This is the foundation of what she calls the schizoid-paranoid position"<ref>{{E}} p.105</ref>
When a human being is reduced to a state of helplessness, subjected to a primal kind of passivity by the impositions of others, he or she may seek to regain mastery through repetition of the experience. For Kreisler et al. (1966), too much distress of this kind may cause psychosomatic disorders; for Tustin (1972), the result may be recourse to autistic defenses.
==See Also==
{{See}}* [[Alpha functionDevelopment]]* [[AnxietyEnd of analysis]]||* [[DependenceInstinct]]* [[IllusionLanguage]]||* [[Narcissitic injuryMother]]* [[PrematurityNature]]||* [[Transference depressionNeed]]* [[Punctuation]]||
* [[Thing]]
* [[TraumaTreatment]]{{Also}}
==References==
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<references/>
# Freud, Sigmund. (1925). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. SE, 20: 87-172.# ——. (1950c [1895]). Project for a scientific psychology. SE, 1: 281-387.</div>
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