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The state of [[helplessness{{Topp}}détresse]] is linked to the ''|-| [[infantGerman]]: ''s initial [[power]]lessness in the face of its [[need]]s. Hilflosigkeit{{Bottom}}

This causes distress==Dependency==The term "[[helplessness]]" is used in [[psychoanalysis]] to denote the [[state]] of the newborn [[development|infant]] who is incapable of carrying out the specific [[act]]ions required to [[desire|satisfy]] its own [[need]]s, as the protective shield and so is overwhelmed; only completely ''dependent'' on [[other]] [[people]] (especially the intervention of another person can relieve this [[sufferingmother]]).

==Prematurity==The neurophysiological model [[helplessness]] of Sigmund Freudthe [[development|human infant]] is grounded in its "'''[[prematurity]]'''s "Project for of [[birth]], a Scientific Psychology" (1950c fact which was pointed out by [[Freud]] and which [[Lacan]] takes up in his [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|early writings]]. Compared to other [[1895nature|animal]) posits ]s such as apes, the baby[[development|human infant]] is relatively unformed when it is [[born]], especially with respect to ''[[motor coordination]]''. This means that it is more ''dependent'' than other [[nature|animal]]s original helplessness as the prototype of all , and for a longer [[time]], on its [[traumaparents]]tic situations.

==Mother-Child Dual Relation==[[HelplessnessLacan]] follows [[Freud]] in highlighting the importance of the initial ''[[dependence]]'' of the [[development|human infant]] on the '''[[mother]]'''. [[Lacan]]'s originality lies in the way he draws attention to "the fact that this dependence is maintained by a [[world]] of [[language]].<ref>{{E}} p. 309</ref> The [[mother]] [[interpretation|interpret]]s the [[infant]]'s cries as hunger, tiredness, loneliness, etc. and [[satisfactionpunctuation|retroactively]] determines their [[structuresignification|meaning]] (see [[punctuation]]). The [[development|child]]'s [[helplessness]] contrasts with the two modes omnipotence of mental functioningthe [[mother]], who can decide whether or not to [[desire|satisfy]] the [[development|child]]'s [[need]]s.<ref>{{S4}} p. 69, 185</ref> The [[recognition]] of this contrast engenders a depressive effect in the [[child]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 186</ref>

In the primary mode, the [[desire]]d [[object]] and [[desire]]d [[satisfaction]] are hallucinated immediately through re[[cathexis]] of the [[memory]] traces left by the real experience.  In the secondary mode, a lasting discharge forms the basis for the relationship to the real object, lost and rediscovered thanks to "indications ==End of reality," and invested with the meaning "mutual understanding."Analysis==[[HelplessnessLacan]] and also uses the theory of [[anxiety]] are closely linked.  The [[helpless]] baby, powerless to fulfill its needs and without any adequate means of discharging internal excitation, experiences "automatic anxiety."  Anticipation of [[helplessnessconcept]] triggers "signal anxiety," the ego's appeal to the ego (1926d [1925]). In a state of [[helplessness]] owing to its [[prematurity]], illustrate the preverbal [[human]] [[infant]] cries, experiences and recognizes its [[power]]lessness, and urgently alerts the succoring object.  The ability to apprehend its helplessness depends on the protective shield against stimuli, whose action is thus the basis of relationships, the precondition of effective [[communication]]. For [[Melanie Klein]] (1952/1975), the distress associated with the [[death instinct]], a source of tremendous persecution, precipitates [[projectionsense]].  This is the foundation of what she calls the schizoid-paranoid position. When a human being is reduced to a state of helplessness, subjected to a primal kind of passivity by the impositions of others, he or she may seek to regain mastery through repetition of the experience.  For Kreisler et al. (1966), too much distress of this kind may cause psychosomatic disorders; for Tustin (1972), the result may be recourse to autistic defenses. The term '[[helplessness]]' ([[French]]: 'abandonment'[[détresse]]''; [[German]]: ''[[Hilflosigkeit]]'') is used in [[psychoanalysis]] to denote the state of the newborn [[infant]] who is incapable of carrying out the specific [[action]]s required to [[satisfy]] its own [[need]]s, and so is completely dependent on other people (especially the [[mother]]). The [[helplessness]] of the [[human]] [[infant]] is grounded in its 'prematurity' of birth, a fact which was pointed out by [[Freud]] and which [[Lacan]] takes up in his early writings. Compared to other animals such as apes, the [[human]] [[infant]] is relatively unformed when it is born, especially with respect to motor coordination. This means that it is more dependent than other animals, and for a longer time, on its parents. [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in highlighting the importance of the initial dependence of the [[human]] [[infant]] on the [[mother]]. [[Lacan]]'s originality lies in the way he draws attention to "the fact that this dependence is maintained by a world of [[language]].<ref>{{E}} p.309</ref> The [[mother]] [[interpret]]s the [[infantsubjective destitution]]'s cries as hunger, tiredness, loneliness, etc. and retroactively determines their [[meaning]] (see [[punctuation). The [[child]]'s [[helplessness]] contrasts with the omnipotence of the [[mother]], who can decide whether or not to [[satisfy]] the [[child]]'s [[need]]s.<ref>{{S4}} p.69, 185</ref> (The recognition of this contrast engenders a depressive effect in the [[child]].<ref>{{S4}} p.186</ref>) [[Lacan]] also uses the concept of [[helplessness]] to illustrate the sense of [[abandonment]] and [[subjective destitution]] that the [[analysand]] feels at the [[end of analysis]]. <blockquote>"At the end of a [[training]] [[analysis]] the [[subectsubject]] should reach and [[know ]] the [[domain ]] and level of the [[experience ]] of absolute disarray."<ref>{{S7}} p.304</ref></blockquote> The [[end of analysis]] is not conceived of by [[Lacan]] as the realization of some blissful plenitude, but quite the contrary, as a [[moment ]] when the [[subject]] comes to [[terms ]] with his utter solitude. However, whereas the [[development|infant]] can rely on its [[mother]]'s [[helplessness|help]], the [[analysand]] at the [[end of analysis]] "can expect [[help]] from no one."<ref>{{S7}} p.304</ref> If this seems to [[present ]] a particularly ascetic view of [[treatment|psychoanalytic treatment]], this is exactly how [[Lacan]] wishes it to be seen; [[psychoanalysis]] is, in [[Lacan]]'s [[words]], a "long [[subjective acesis]] ascesis."<ref>{{E}} p.105</ref> [[Category:Imaginary]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Development]][[Category:Terms]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]]

{{See}}* [[Development]]* [[End of analysis]]||* [[AnxietyInstinct]]* [[IllusionLanguage]]||* [[Narcissitic injuryMother]]* [[Nature]]||* [[Need]]* [[Punctuation]]||

* [[TraumaTreatment]]{{Also}}

 [[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Terms]][[Category:Concepts]]__NOTOC__