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==Jacques Lacan=====Instinct and Drive===[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in distinguishing the [[instinct]]s from the [[drive]]s, and criticizing those who obscure this [[distinction]] by using the same [[English]] [[word]] ("[[instinct]]") to translate both [[Freud]]'s [[terms]] (''[[Instinkt]]'' and ''[[Trieb]]'').<ref>{{E}} p. 301</ref> "[[Instinct]]" is a purely ''[[biological]]'' [[concept ]] and belongs to the study (field) of [[animal ]] [[ethology ]]. Whereas [[animal]]s are driven by [[instincts]], which are relatively rigid and invariable, and imply a direct relation to an [[object]], [[human]] [[sexuality]] is a matter of [[drives]], which are very variable and never attain their [[object]]. Although [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[instinct]]" frequently in his early [[work]], after 1950 he uses the word less frequently, preferring instead to reconceptualize the concept of [[instinct]] in terms of [[need]]. ===Biology and Social and Cultural Factors===From his earliest works, [[Lacan]] criticizes those who attempt to [[understand]] human [[behavior]] purely in terms of [[instinct]]s, arguing that this is to suppose a [[harmonious]] relation between man and the [[world]], which does not in fact [[exist]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 88</ref> The concept of [[instinct]] supposes some kind of direct innate [[knowledge]] of the [[object]] which is of an almost [[moral]] [[character]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 851</ref>  Against such [[ideas]], [[Lacan]] insists that there is something inadequate [[about]] [[human]] [[biology]], a feature which he indicates in the phrases "vital insufficiency" (''insuffisance vitale'').<ref>{{Ec}} p.90</ref> and "congenital insufficiency". This inadequacy, evident in the [[helplessness]] of the [[human]] [[infant|baby]], is compensated for by means of [[complexes]]. The fact that [[human]] [[psychology ]] is dominated by [[complex]]es (which are determined entirely by [[cultural]] and [[social]] factors) rather than by [[instinct]]s, means that any explanation of animal human behavior)that does not take social factors into account is useless. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Complex]]||* [[Drive]]* [[Helplessness]]||* [[Knowledge]]* [[Nature]]||* [[Need]]* [[Psychology]]{{Also}} == References ==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><references/></div> {{OK}} __NOTOC__