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{{JL}}[[Image:Lacan_4Jacques-lacan-4.jpg|framethumb|250px|right]]<!-- {{Infobox_Scientist| name = Jacques Lacan| image = Lacan3.jpg| image_width = 200px| caption = | birth_date = [[13 April]] [[1901]]| birth_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]| death_date = [[9 September]] [[1981]]| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]| residence = | citizenship = France| nationality = | ethnicity = | field = [[Psychology]]| work_institution = | alma_mater = | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = | author_abbreviation_bot = | author_abbreviation_zoo = | prizes = | religion = | footnotes = }}-->[[Jacques Lacan|Jacques -Marie Émile Lacan]] ([[Jacques Lacan:Chronology#1901|13 April 1901]] – [[Jacques Lacan:Chronology#1981|9 September 1981]]) was a [[French]] [[psychoanalyst]] and [[psychiatrist]] who made prominent contributions to psychoanalysis, [[philosophy]], and [[literary]] [[theory]]. Giving yearly [[seminars]] in Paris from 1953 to 1981, Lacaninfluenced France's intellectuals in the 1960s and the 1970s, especially the post-[[structuralist]] [[philosophers]]. His interdisciplinary [[work]] is [[Freudian]], featuring the [[unconscious]], the [[castration]] [[complex]], the ego, [[identification]], and [[language]] as [[subjective]] [[perception]]. His [[ideas]] have had a significant impact on [[critical theory]], [[literary theory]], twentieth-century French philosophy, [[sociology]], [[feminist]] theory and [[clinical]] psychoanalysis.

[[Jacques Lacan<!--{|Jacquesstyle="line-height:1.5em;valign:top;width:50%;text-Marie Émile Lacan]] ([[Jacques Lacanalign:left;"|class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%;border:Chronology0px solid #1901|April 13, 1901]] – [[Jacques Lacancccccc;background-color:Chronology#1981ffffff;vertical-align:top"|September 9, 1981]]) was a [[French]] [[psychiatrist]] and [[psychoanalyst]]. He is one of the most important {| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:left;line- and most controversial height:2em;vertical-align:top;background- figures in the history of [[psychoanalysis]], but is also acknowledged for his influence across a wide range of disciplines in the humanities and the social sciences.color:#ffffff"|-|style==Life=="text-align:left;color:#000;line-height:2.5em;align:justify;"|''[[Chronology|Click here for a more complete chronology of '''Jacques Lacan''''s life]].'' {| width="100%" style==Early Lacan===In 1927, [[Lacan]] begins his [[treatment|clincial training]] in [[psychiatry]] at the [[Sainte"text-align:left;font-Anne hospital]], where he would later teachsize:. In 1932, [[Lacan]] completes his doctoral thesis 95em;line-height:2em;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa;padding- ''[[On paranoiac psychosis in its relations to the personality|De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité]]'' (left:3px;"[[On paranoiac psychosis in its relations to the personality|On Paranoid Psychosis and Its Relations to the Personality]]").{{See}}In 1936, :1. [[Jacques Lacan#Biography|Biography]] presents his paper on the [[mirror stage]] at a conference of the '''[[International Psychoanalytical Association]]''' ([[IPA]]) in Marienbad. In 1953, [[Lacan]] begins his first public [[seminar]] in [[Hôpital Sainte-Anne]]:2. In 1938, [[Jacques Lacan#Theory|Theory]] becomes a member of the '''[[Société psychanalytique de Paris]]''' ([[SPP]]), a member body of the [[IPA]].||In 1953, [[Lacan]] is elected president of the [[SPP]]:3. However, six months later he resigns from the [[SPP]] to join the '''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]''' ([[SFP]]) with [[Daniel Lagache]] and [[Francoise Dolto]] among others. From 1954 to 1963, after a series of requests and a lengthy committee investigation, the [[SFP]] is granted [[IPA]] affiliation as a member society on condition that [[Jacques Lacan]] be removed from the list of [[training#Practice|training analystsPractice]]. In 1963, [[Lacan]] resigns from the [[SFP]] and founds his own [[school]], the '''[[École Freudienne de Paris]]''' ([[EFP]]):4. In 1980, [[Jacques Lacan]] dissolves the [[EFP]] and creates in its stead the '''[[École de la Cause freudienne#Bibliography|Cause freudienneBibliography]]'''.||In 1981, the ''':5. [[École de la Cause freudienneJacques Lacan#See Also|Cause freudienneSee Also]]''' is dissolved and the '''[[École de la Cause freudienne]]''' is created to replace it. [[Image:Lacan36.gif|frame|left]] ==Development== [[Lacan]]'s [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography#References|workReferences]] has transformed [[psychoanalysis]], both as a '''theory''' and as a '''practice'''.{{Also}}|}In the 1950s, [[Lacan]] emphasized the role of [[language]] (and the [[symbolic order]]) in [[psychoanalysis]] and formulated his most important thesis: that ''the unconscious is structured like a language''.|}|}(This was an extraordinarily innovative period for Lacan and he introduced many of the concepts that would preoccupy him for the rest of his career.)-->

=====Structuralism===Biography==<blockquote>''[[Chronology|Click here for a more complete chronology of '''Jacques Lacan''''s life]] drew on .''</blockquote>;1901:13 April, Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan is [[born]] in Paris, to a field [[family]] of study known as solid [[Catholic]] [[tradition]]. He is educated at the collège Stanislas, a Jesuit school. After his ''baccalauréat''he studies [[medicine]] and later [[psychiatry]].;1927: Starts clinical [[Structuralismtraining]], works at [[Sainte-Anne's hospital]]. A year later he works in the Special Infirmary Service where [[Clérambault]] had a [[practice]].;1932:Awarded doctorate for his [[thesis]], ''[[De la psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalité]]'' .;1933:The richness of his thesis, especially the [[analysis]] of the [[case]] of [[Aimée]], makes him famous with the [[Surrealist]]s. BEtween this year and on 1939 he takes [[Kojève]]'s course at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes [[Etudes]], an "Introduction to the [[reading]] of [[Hegel]].";1934:He [[marries]] [[Marie-Louise]] Blondon, [[mother]] of [[Caroline]], [[Thibaut]] and [[Sibylle]]. While in analysis with Rudolph [[Loewenstein]], Lacan becomes a member of the ''[[linguistics[Société Psychanalytique de Paris|linguistic theorySociété psychanalytique de Paris]]]]'''([[Société psychanalytique de Paris|SPP]]).;1940:Works at Val-de-Grâce, the military hospital in Paris. During the [[German]] Occupation, he does not take part in any [[official]] [[activity]].;1946:In 1946, the [[SPP]] resumes its activities and Lacan, with Nacht and Lagache, takes charge of training [[analyses]] and supervisory [[control]] and plays an important [[theoretical]] and institutional [[role]].;1951:The [[Claude Lévi-StraussSPP]]begins to raise the issue of Lacan's [[short sessions]], as opposed to the standard analytical hour.;1953:In January Lacan is elected President of the [[SPP]]. Six months later he resigns to join the ''elementary [[structureSociété Française de Psychanalyse]] of kinship'' provided the basis for ([[SFP]]) with D. Lagache, F. Dolto, J. Favez-Boutonier among [[others]]. In Rome, Lacandelivers his report, "''[[Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage]]''". On 17 July he marries [[Sylvia]] Maklès, mother of [[Judith]]. That autumn Lacan starts his [[seminar]]s conception of at the [[Hôspital Sainte-Anne]].;1954:The first ten [[seminar]]s elaborate fundamental notions [[about]] [[psychoanalytic]] [[technique]], the essential [[symbolicconcepts]] of [[orderpsychoanalysis]] , and its [[ethics]]. During this period Lacan writes, on the formation basis of his seminars, conferences and addresses in colloquia, the major [[unconscioustexts]]that are found in ''[[Ecrits]]'' in 1966. ;1956:Celebrities are attracted to his seminars ([[Jean Hyppolite]]'s analysis of [[Freud]]'s article on ''Dé[[négation]]'', given during the first seminar, is a well-known example). [[Alexandre Koyré]], Claude Lévi-[[Strauss]], Maurice [[Merleau-Ponty]], and ethnologist Marcel Griaule, Emile Benveniste among others attend his courses.;1962:[[SFP]] members [[want]] to be recognized by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]). The [[IPA]] issues an ultimatum: Lacan's [[structuralism|structural anthropologyname]] must be crossed off the [[list]] was facilitated of didacticians.;1963:Two weeks before the expiry of the deadline set by the work IPA (31 October), the committee of didacticians of the [[SFP]] gives up its courageous stand of 1962 and pronounces in favour of the ban: Lacan is no longer one of the Swiss didacticians.;1964:Lacanians [[form]] a Study Group on Psychoanalysis organized by Jean Clavreul, until Lacan official founds the ''[[linguistics|linguistEcole Française de Psychanalyse]] '', which soon becomes the ''[[Ferdinand Ecole Freudienne de SaussureParis]] '' (1857-1913[[EFP]]) and it was through . With [[Lévi-Strauss]] that and [[Althusser]]'s support, he is appointed lecturer at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.;1965:In January Lacanbegins his new seminar on "[[The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]] began " at the Ecole Normale Supérieure. His audience is made up of [[analysts]] and young students in philosophy at the ENS, notably [[Jacques-Alain Miller]].;1966:[[Ecrits]], Paris: Seuil 1966. The book draws considerable attention to read the [[linguisticsEFP]], extending far beyond the intelligentsia.;1967In :Lacan presents the ''[[Acte]] de Fondation'' of the [[EFP]]; its novelty lies in the procedure of ''[[passe]]''. The ''[[passe]]'' consists of testifying, in front of two ''passeurs'', to one's [[experience]] as an analysand and especially to the crucial [[moment]] of passage from the [[position]] of [[analysand]] to that of [[analyst]]. The ''passeurs'' are chosen by their [[analyst]]s (generally analysts of the EFP) and should be at the same [[stage]] in their [[analytic]] experience as the ''passant''. They listen to him and then, in turn, they testify to what they have heard in front of a committee for approval composed of the director, Lacan, and of some AE, ''[[analyste]] de l'école'' (analyst of the school). This committee's function is to select the analysts of the process he made radical School and far-reaching changes to elaborate, after the selecting [[process]], a 'work of [[doctrine]]'.;1969:The issue of the ''passe'' keeps invading the EFP's [[Saussurelife]]. "''Le quatrième groupe''" is formed around those who resign from the EFP disputing over Lacan's concept methods for the analysts' training and accreditation. Lacan takes a stand in the crisis of the [[linguistics|linguisticuniversity]] that follows May [[1968]]: "If psychoanalysis cannot be articulated as a [[knowledge]] and taught as such, it has no [[signplace]]in the university, completely reversing any conventional understanding which deals only with knowledge." The ENS director finds a pretext for telling Lacan that he is no longer welcome at the ENS at the beginning of the relationship between academic year. Moreover, the journal ''Cahiers pour l'[[Analyse]]'' has to cease publication, but [[speech|speakingVincennes]] appears as an alternative. Michel [[subjectFoucault]] asks Lacan to create and direct the Department of Psychoanlaysis at Vincennes. Thanks to Lévi-Strauss, Lacan moves his seminars to the law school of the Panthéon. ;1974:The Vincennes Department of Psychoanalysis is renamed "[[languageLe Champ freudien]]" with Lacan its director and [[Jacques-Alain Miller]] its president. ;1980Finally:On 9 January, we will look Lacan announces the [[dissolution]] of the EFP and asks those who [[wish]] to continue [[working]] with him to [[state]] their intentions in [[writing]]. He receives over one thousand letters within a week. On 21 February, Lacan announces the founding of the school ''[[La Cause freudienne]]'', later renamed the ''[[Ecole de la Cause freudienne]]''.;1981:9 September, Lacan dies in Paris.<!--;1901 - 1938:[[Lacan]] studies medicine and [[psychiatry]] and completes his [[De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité|doctoral thesis]] on [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[psychosis]]. He presents a paper on the [[mirror stage]] - his first theoretical contribution to [[psychoanalysis]] - at a conference of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] in [[Marienbad]].;1938 - 1953 :[[Lacan]] is a member of the Russian ''[[linguistics|linguistSociété psychanalytique de Paris]] '' until he resigns to join the ''[[Roman JakobsonSociété Française de Psychanalyse]]'s '.;1953 - 1963:[[Lacan]] begins his first [[public]] [[seminar]] (1896which he will continue to give annually until his [[death]]). Thereafter, he rises to become a renowned and controversial [[figure]] in the international psychoanalytic [[community]].;1963 -1982) work on 1980:[[Lacan]] leaves the [[metaphorSFP]] and founds his own [[metonymyschool]], as this was crucially important for the ''[[LacanÉcole Freudienne de Paris]]'s conceptualization ' . Following the publication of the [[desireÉcrits]], there is an explosion of interest in his work in France and abroad.--><!--{| class="wikitable" width="100%" cellpadding="2" align="center" bgcolor="ffffff" style="background:#ffffff;width:100%; height:200px; text-align:center; line-height:2. 0em;"| width="50px" style="valign:top;" | [[{{Y}}|1901]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1938]]<BR>| align="[[left]]" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]]'s conception studies medicine and [[psychiatry]] and completes his [[De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité|doctoral thesis]] on [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[psychosis]].He presents a paper on the [[mirror stage]] -- his first theoretical contribution to [[psychoanalysis]] -- at a conference of the [[subjectInternational Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]] as constituted ) in and through Marienbad.|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1938]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1953]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] is a member of the ([[IPA]] affiliated) ''[[Société psychanalytique de Paris]]'' ([[SPP]]) until he resigns to join the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'' ([[languageSFP]]). |-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1953]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1963]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] begins his first public [[seminar]] (which he will continue to give annually until his death). Thereafter, he rises to become a renowned and controversial figure in the international psychoanalytic community.|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1963]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1980]]<BR>| align=Structuralism="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] leaves the [[SFP]] (after his "[[expulsion]]" from the [[IPA]]) and founds his own [[school]], the ''[[École Freudienne de Paris]]'' ([[EFP]]). Following the publication of the [[Écrits]] (1966), there is an explosion of interest in his work in France and abroad.|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1980]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1981]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] single-handedly dissolves the [[EFP]] and creates in its stead the ''[[École de la Cause freudienne|Cause freudienne]]''.However, [[Lacan]] soon dissolves the ''[[École de la Cause freudienne|Cause freudienne]]'' and replaces it with the ''[[École de la Cause freudienne]]''.|}-->

[[Image:Lacan3.jpg|frame|right]]<blockquote>''[[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|Click here]] for a more [[complete ]] [[bibliography ]] of [[Jacques Lacan]]'s [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]].''</blockquote> [[Lacan]]'s most important theoretical contributions to [[psychoanalysis]] were presented in his [[seminar]]s. In 1966, a selection of [[Lacan]]'s most important papers are published under the title ''[[Écrits]]''; fewer than one-third of them are included in the English ''[[Écrits: A Selection]]'' (1977). 

[[Category:PsychoanalysisJacques Lacan|Lacan, Jacques]]<!-- [[Category:Index|Lacan, Jacques]]-->[[Category:Slavoj Žižek|Lacan, Jacques]]<!-- [[Category:Looking Awry|Lacan, Jacques]]-->