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{{Top}}scientific|science]]''; [[German]]: ''Wissenschaft{{Bottom}}
=====Scientific Discourse=====Both [[Freud]] and [[Lacan]] use the term '"[[science]]' " in the singular, thus implying that there is a specific unified, homogeneous kind of [[discourse ]] that can be called '"[[science|scientific]]'".
This [[discourse ]] begins, according to [[Lacan]], in the seventeenth century <ref>{{Ec}} p.857</ref>, with the inauguration of modern physics.<ref>{{Ec, }} p. 855</ref>.
=====Sigmund Freud=====
=====Science and Religion=====
[[Freud]] regarded [[science]] as one of [[civilization]]'s highest achievements, and opposed it to the reactionary forces of [[religion]].
[[Lacan]]'s attitude to [[science]] is more ambiguous.
On the one hand, he criticises modern criticizes [[science|modern science]] for ignoring the [[Symbolicsymbolic]] dimension of [[human]] [[existence]] and thus encouraging modern man "to forget his subjectivity."<ref>{{E}} p.70</ref>.
He also compares modern [[science|modern science]] to a "fully [[Real]]ised realised paranoia," in the sense that its totalising totalizing constructions resemble the architecture of a [[delusion]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.874</ref>
=====Positivist Model=====
On the other hand, these criticisms are not levelled at [[science]] per se, but at the [[science|positivist model]] of [[science]].
=====Formalization=====In other words, for [[Lacan]] implies that positivism is actually , what marks a deviation from 'true [[discourse]] as [[science|scientific]]', and his own model is a high degree of [[sciencemathematical]] [[formalization]] owes more to the rationalism of KoyrÈ, Bachelard and Canguilhem than to empiricism.
On the one hand, it attempts to monopolize [[Lacantruth]] argues that as its exclusive property <ref>{{Ec}} p. 79</ref>; and, on the other hand, [[science]] is characterised by in fact based on a particular relationship to [[foreclosure]] of the concept of [[truth]]as [[cause]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 874</ref>.
====="Subject of Science"=====
The [[subject|modern subject]] is the "[[science|subject of science]]" in the sense that this exclusively rational route to [[knowledge]] is now a common presupposition.
However, rather than talking of the "[[science|human sciences]]" and the "[[Lacanscience|natural sciences]] is arguing that ", [[psychoanalysisLacan]] is not based on any appeal prefers instead to an ineffable experience or flash talk of intuition, but on a process of reasoned dialogue, even when reason confronts its limit in the "[[science|conjectural sciences]]" and the "[[madnessscience|exact sciences]]."
=====Conjectural and Exact Sciences=====
Whereas the [[science|exact sciences]] concern the field of phenomena in which there is no one who uses a [[signifier]],<ref>{{S3}} p. 186</ref> the [[science|conjectural sciences]] are fundamentally different because they concern beings who inhabit the [[symbolic]] [[order]].
<blockquote>The opposition between the [[Lacanscience|exact sciences]], on and the [[science|conjectural sciences]] can no longer be sustained from the other hand, pays great attention moment when conjecture is susceptible to this distinctionan exact calculation and when exactitude is based only on a formalism which separates axioms and [[law]]s of grouping [[symbol]]s.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 863</ref></blockquote>
[[Lacan]] differs from [[Freud]] by importing concepts mainly from the "[[science]]s of subjectivity," and by aligning [[psychoanalytic theory]] with these rather than with the [[science|natural sciences]].
Thus, according to [[Lacan]] argues that this paradigm shift is in fact implicit in , [[Freud]]'s own reformulations anticipated the findings of the concepts that he borrowed from the modern [[structural]] [[linguists]] such as [[naturalSaussure]] , and his work can be better understood in the light of these [[sciencelinguistics|linguistic concepts]]s.
=====Is Psychoanalysis a Science?=====
[[Freud]] was quite explicit in affirming the [[science|scientific status]] of [[psychoanalysis]]:
However, he also insisted on the unique character of [[psychoanalysis]] that sets it apart from the other [[science]]s:
=====Jacques Lacan=====
The question of the status of [[psychoanalysis]] and its relationship with other disciplines is also one to which [[Lacan]] devotes much attention.
In 1953, he states that in the opposition [[science]] versus [[art]], psychoanalysis can be located on the side of art, on condition that the term 'art' is understood in the sense in which it was used in the Middle Ages, when the 'liberal arts' included arithmetic, geometry, music and grammar <ref>{{[[Lacan]]: 1953b: 224</ref>.