Difference between revisions of "Seminar V"

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| style="width:100px;text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding-left:10px;"| 1957 - 1958
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{{V}}
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| style="width:100px;text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding-left:10px;"| [[Seminar V]]
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| style="width:300px;text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding-left:10px;"| ''[[Seminar V|Les formations de l'inconscient]]''<BR><big>[[Seminar V|The Formations of the Unconscious]]</big>
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|}
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[[Image:Sem.V.jpg|border|300px|right]]
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The [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]] are those circumstances in which the [[law]]s of the [[unconscious]] are most discernible: the [[joke]], the [[dream]], the [[symptom]], the [[lapsus]] ([[parapraxis]]).  [[Freud]] referred to the fundamental mechanisms involved in the [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]] as [[condensation]] and [[displacement]], which [[Lacan]] redefines as [[metaphor]] and [[metonymy]]. With the former, the play of [[signifier]]s creates [[sense]] in nonsense in relation to [[truth]].  The latter reveals the [[lack]] of a [[word]], "an item of waste sent like a ball between [[code]] and [[message]]."  In this [[lack]] [[substitute]] [[word]]s appear and function like "the [[metonymic]] ruins of the [[object]]."
  
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The [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]] are those circumstances in which the [[law]]s of the [[unconscious]] are most discernible: the [[joke]], the [[dream]], the [[symptom]], the [[lapsus]] ([[parapraxis]]).  [[Freud]] referred to the fundamental mechanisms involved in the [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]] as [[condensation]] and [[displacement]], which [[Lacan]] redefines as [[metaphor]] and [[metonymy]]. With the former, the play of [[signifier]]s creates sense in nonsense in relation to [[truth]].  The latter reveals the [[lack]] of a [[word]], "an item of waste sent like a ball between [[code]] and [[message]]." In this [[lack]] [[substitute]] [[word]]s appear and function like "the [[metonymic]] ruins of the [[object]]."
+
At the junction between [[psychoanalysis]] and [[linguistics]], [[Lacan]] wants to [[formalize]] the primordial [[law]]s of the [[unconscious]] that [[Freud]] had uncovered.  His [[project]] is to define a [[topology]] of the levels of functioning of the signifier in the subject by elaborating the [[graph]]s that, under the generic [[name]] of [[Graph of Desire]], will be at the core of "[[The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire in the Freudian Unconscious]]" written in 1960 and published in 1966 in <i>[[Écrits]]</i>.  Here the key [[concept]] is that of [[desire]], and [[Lacan]]'s [[dialectic]] of [[desire]] is quite distinct from [[Hegel]]'s.  The Graph of Desire will serve as a [[topology]] of the different steps constitutive of the [[subject]].  "It is precisely because desire is articulated that it is not articulable" in a [[signifying chain]].  [[Slavoj Zizek]] commenting on this formulation argues that [[subject]] is not substance, "it has not substantial positive [[being]] in itself, being caught between 'not yet' and 'no longer'.  The [[subject]] never is, it will have been - either it is not yet here or it is no longer here, since there is only a trace of its [[absence]]."
  
−
At the junction between [[psychoanalysis]] and [[linguistics]], [[Lacan]] wants to [[formalize]] the primordial [[law]]s of the [[unconscious]] that [[Freud]] had uncovered.  His project is to define a [[topology]] of the levels of functioning of the signifier in the subject by elaborating the [[graph]]s that, under the generic name of [[Graph of Desire]], will be at the core of "[[The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire in the Freudian Unconscious]]" written in 1960 and published in 1966 in <i>[[Écrits]]</i>. Here the key concept is that of [[desire]], and [[Lacan]]'s [[dialectic]] of [[desire]] is quite distinct from [[Hegel]]'s. The Graph of Desire will serve as a [[topology]] of the different steps constitutive of the [[subject]].  "It is precisely because desire is articulated that it is not articulable" in a [[signifying chain]].  [[Slavoj Zizek]] commenting on this formulation argues that [[subject]] is not substance, "it has not substantial positive being in itself, being caught between 'not yet' and 'no longer'.  The [[subject]] never is, it will have been - either it is not yet here or it is no longer here, since there is only a trace of its absence."
+
The [[subject]] is dependent on the [[recognition]] of the [[Other]] who embodies "the legitimacy of the code," he alone can ratify a word as a [[joke]], as stupidity or as [[madness]]. With the [[Other]], [[Lacan]] moves on to the [[analysis]] of the [[Oedipus complex]].  [[Three]] [[stages]] [[structure]] the [[constitution]] of the [[subject]].  First, the [[paternal metaphor]] [[acts]] intrinsically on account of the primacy given to the [[phallus]] by [[culture]]. Then, the father intervenes as the one who deprives the [[mother]]: to her he addresses the [[message]] "You will not reintegrate your product" - the [[child]] as [[phallic]] [[object]]. The [[child]] receives "a [[message]] on the [[message]]," in the [[form]] of "You will not [[sleep]] with your mother" that liberates and deprives him of the object of his [[desire]].  From the alternative "To be or not to be the [[phallus]]," he can move to the alternative "To have it or not to have it." The [[third]] [[moment]] - the exit out of the [[Oedipus complex]] - requires the [[intervention]] of the permissive and generous father who, preferred over the [[mother]], gives [[birth]] to the [[idea]] of the [[ego]].  It is in this context that the problems of becoming boy or [[girl]] - of the inverted [[Oedipus complex]] are raised.
  
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The [[subject]] is dependent on the recognition of the [[Other]] who embodies "the legitimacy of the code," he alone can ratify a word as a [[joke]], as stupidity or as madness. With the [[Other]], [[Lacan]] moves on to the [[analysis]] of the [[Oedipus complex]].  Three stages [[structure]] the constitution of the [[subject]]. First, the paternal metaphor acts intrinsically on account of the primacy given to the [[phallus]] by [[culture]]. Then, the father intervenes as the one who deprives the [[mother]]: to her he addresses the [[message]] "You will not reintegrate your product" - the [[child]] as [[phallic]] [[object]]. The [[child]] receives "a [[message]] on the [[message]]," in the form of "You will not sleep with your mother" that liberates and deprives him of the object of his [[desire]].  From the alternative "To be or not to be the [[phallus]]," he can move to the alternative "To have it or not to have it."  The third moment - the exit out of the [[Oedipus complex]] - requires the intervention of the permissive and generous father who, preferred over the [[mother]], gives birth to the idea of the [[ego]].  It is in this context that the problems of becoming boy or girl - of the inverted [[Oedipus complex]] are raised.
+
[[Lacan]] plays with the term "[[insistence]]" in [[order]] to [[recall]] [[repetition]], the characteristic of the [[signifying chain]] in the [[unconscious]]. "The unconscious is neither primordial nor [[instinctual]]; what it [[knows]] [[about]] the elementary is but the elements of the signifier." In a previous [[writing]], "[[The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason since Freud]]," he defines the unconscious as a [[memory]] that can be compared to that of modern [[thinking]]-machines where the chain that insists on reproducing itself in the [[transference]] can be found, and which is the [[chain]] of [[dead]] [[desire]].
  
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[[Lacan]] plays with the term "[[insistence]]" in order to recall repetition, the characteristic of the [[signifying chain]] in the [[unconscious]]. "The unconscious is neither primordial nor instinctual; what it knows about the elementary is but the elements of the signifier." In a previous writing, "[[The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason since Freud]]," he defines the unconscious as a memory that can be compared to that of modern thinking-machines where the chain that insists on reproducing itself in the [[transference]] can be found, and which is the [[chain]] of [[dead]] [[desire]].
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In "[[The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire in the Freudian Unconscious]]," written in 1960, [[Lacan]] states that "it is not the law that bars the [[subject]]'s access to <i>[[jouissance]]</i> but [[pleasure]]." In 1966 he will add a final [[sentence]]: "[[Castration]] means that <i>[[jouissance]]</i> must be refused, so that it can be reached on the inverted ladder (<i>échelle inversée</i>) of the [[Law]] of [[desire]]."
  
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In "[[The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire in the Freudian Unconscious]]," written in 1960, [[Lacan]] states that "it is not the law that bars the [[subject]]'s access to <i>[[jouissance]]</i> but [[pleasure]]."  In 1966 he will add a final sentence: "[[Castration]] means that <i>[[jouissance]]</i> must be refused, so that it can be reached on the inverted ladder (<i>échelle inversée</i>) of the [[Law]] of [[desire]]."
+
"The [[signification]] of the phallus" (<i>[[Écrits: A Selection]]</i>) is a lecture given at the Max Planck Institute in Munich in 1958. All the research accomplished during <i>La relation d'[[objet]]</i> and <i>Les [[formations]] de l'[[inconscient]]</i> culminates here, and serves as an introduction to <i>Le [[désir]] et son [[interpretation]].</i><br>
  
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"The signification of the phallus" (<i>Écrits: A Selection</i>) is a lecture given at the Max Planck Institute in Munich in 1958. All the research accomplished during <i>La relation d'objet</i> and <i>Les formations de l'inconscient</i> culminates here, and serves as an introduction to <i>Le désir et son interpretation</i><br>
+
The alternative seems ineluctable: either the [[Mother]] or the [[Father]].  To choose the [[Mother]] means to be condemned to the dependency of [[demand]], while the [[Father]] constitutes the access to [[desire]], hence to salvation.  If the [[Father]] must be preferred to the [[Mother]], if the [[Father]] is the origin and the [[representative]] of [[culture]] (and of the [[Law]]), it is because he possesses the [[phallus]] that he can give or refuse. The absolute primacy of the [[phallus]] - the single emblem of Man - has become a [[real]] doctrinal (perhaps dogmatic) basis of [[Lacanian]] [[theory]]: "The [[phallus]] is the [[signifier]] of [[signifier]]s, the privileged signifier of that mark in which the [[role]] of the [[logos]] is joined with the advent of [[desire]]," its function "touches on its most profound rapport: that in which the Ancients embodied the <i>Nous</i>, the [[Mind]], and the <i>Logos</i>, [[discourse]], [[reason]]." Why such a privilege?  "This [[signifier]] is chosen as the most tangible element in the real of [[sexual]] copulation; it is the most [[symbolic]] in the literal sense," since "it is equivalent to the [[logical]] copula."  Moreover, "by virtue of its turgidity, it epitomizes the [[image]] of the vital flow as it is transmitted in generation."  [[Freud]] says, there is only one [[libido]], [[masculine]] in [[nature]].  Later, [[Lacan]] will assert that "[[there is no such thing as sexual rapport]]," <i>[[il n'y a pas de rapport sexuel]]</i>, in the sense of proportion or relation: one sex counts for both [[sexes]].  Thus the [[phallus]] can only appear as veiled.
  
−
The alternative seems ineluctable: either the [[Mother]] or the [[Father]]. To choose the [[Mother]] means to be condemned to the dependency of [[demand]], while the [[Father]] constitutes the access to [[desire]], hence to salvation.  If the [[Father]] must be preferred to the [[Mother]], if the [[Father]] is the origin and the representative of [[culture]] (and of the [[Law]]), it is because he possesses the [[phallus]] that he can give or refuse. The absolute primacy of the [[phallus]] - the single emblem of Man - has become a real doctrinal (perhaps dogmatic) basis of Lacanian theory: "The [[phallus]] is the [[signifier]] of [[signifier]]s, the privileged signifier of that mark in which the role of the logos is joined with the advent of [[desire]]," its function "touches on its most profound rapport: that in which the Ancients embodied the <i>Nous</i>, the Mind, and the <i>Logos</i>, discourse, reason." Why such a privilege?  "This [[signifier]] is chosen as the most tangible element in the real of sexual copulation; it is the most symbolic in the literal sense," since "it is equivalent to the logical copula."  Moreover, "by virtue of its turgidity, it epitomizes the image of the vital flow as it is transmitted in generation."  [[Freud]] says, there is only one libido, masculine in nature. Later, [[Lacan]] will assert that "[[there is no such thing as sexual rapport]]," <i>[[il n'y a pas de rapport sexuel]]</i>, in the sense of proportion or relation: one sex counts for both sexes. Thus the [[phallus]] can only appear as veiled.
+
 
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== English ==
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{| class="wikitable" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="line-height:2.0em; padding-left:30px; background:#ffffff; text-align:center;"
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| Author(s)
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| Title
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| Publisher
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| Year
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| Pages
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| Language
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| Size
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| Extension
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| colspan="5" |Mirrors
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|-
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|[[Jacques Lacan]]
 +
|The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book 5
 +
Formations of the Unconscious
 +
|Polity Press
 +
|2017
 +
|529
 +
|English
 +
|32 Mb
 +
|pdf
 +
|[http://library1.org/_ads/766C4B3A0A8B01F96E9447AAA347A334 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>], [http://libgen.io/get.php?md5=766C4B3A0A8B01F96E9447AAA347A334 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>], [http://b-ok.cc/md5/766C4B3A0A8B01F96E9447AAA347A334 <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>], [http://libgen.me/item/detail/id/2215514 <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>], [http://bookfi.net/md5/766C4B3A0A8B01F96E9447AAA347A334 <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>]
 +
|-
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|[[Jacques Lacan]]
 +
|Formations of the Unconscious, V, 1957-1958 (The Seminar of Jacques Lacan)
 +
|Polity
 +
|2017
 +
|529
 +
|English
 +
|31 Mb
 +
|pdf
 +
|[http://library1.org/_ads/8B8C1EA1B489784CB763E2A3D77CFA51 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>], [http://libgen.io/get.php?md5=8B8C1EA1B489784CB763E2A3D77CFA51 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>], [http://b-ok.cc/md5/8B8C1EA1B489784CB763E2A3D77CFA51 <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>], [http://libgen.me/item/detail/id/2307684 <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>], [http://bookfi.net/md5/8B8C1EA1B489784CB763E2A3D77CFA51 <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>]
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|}
 +
 
 +
==French==
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{| class="toccolours floatright" style="float:right;margin-left:10px; clear: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;"
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|+ style="font-size: larger; margin-left: 1em;" |
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|- style="vertical-align: top;"
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| colspan="3" style="background: #CCCCCC;" align="center" |'''Download''' [https://mega.nz/#F!bW4QxCyT!fsfKX3uBscmVA7jzO34QAQ ALL]
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|- style="vertical-align: top;"
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|
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{| width="100%" style="valign:top" valign="top"
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|
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* [https://mega.nz/#!rP4H0KqL!9ak-tFmhyuPR9s_VbsMKKnatjutEDl9Mv_EU0bouSh0 1957.11.06]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!qaxzHIIR!DeNLRUgC3Owzf9NPeREXWjauQdZq5cuA4Yg4YaEVDB0 1957.11.13]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!nOh1HaST!1x_EhuNh8qVy6sNAGAqyHNbvTDLHCUL2PeybVskDH50 1957.11.20]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!DWpVWYSJ!1RL2kOEwSCx2RuYHuesBDBoO6UFqz1sVemT0tiELEs0 1957.11.27]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!PewRGa5a!nCZVK2NCIHFRCCyyx90zvB1ntWusiAawY6Jskr5erL4 1957.12.04]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!TTxXjaJD!O8Y6JxMSkC67U29e644QNKD14IuhyabLGItualXsj6Q 1957.12.11]
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||
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* [https://mega.nz/#!OGoliC5C!wHQeFcIXDdUkoR8rb7DMa-4-via0F_3aRvaVqXXW9XY 1957.12.18]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!iWxVWKpY!YG7h8zN_XVbpVMkSe4C1HCGQy4wTf8zkuqWpUPoo3T8 1958.01.08]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!eHplwaBY!5Mo38u1g-7uWJ0yRJvd40KQyokKUIzT6iZJH3SN0Vcc 1958.01.15]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!uXo1AA6a!bNKj9oIev1I1Qt5seIs1MVIEzmh7WCygBMvSZmnSbZY 1958.01.22]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!rGhVzCgJ!ewMgHhihOcglkYs_8-5TOPverhDluS63P-Ya_JrCj_k 1958.01.29]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!DHxXgahA!TNiS9696jsCFJued9bP7F_u1N9cfJImcWnkky94FdY4 1958.02.05]
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||
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* [https://mega.nz/#!je4BxC4I!wIHUmJ_2XtRtQMLsT6NsxukuULWIWfm-XrrNxqVKjXg 1958.02.12]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!yKoxwa4a!pI_9ACzn8ULL0mWZT_rccxMyU0Iu4IKzkaCmlKutRu0 1958.03.05]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!WSwlgKBa!sriBkzXcgf0WEvWcfe0JyzA8ELSafkadmhviM9JuCws 1958.03.12]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!3DpnlAoC!McI5jdeemozModSudZ2XrxIT361PVrDJMu1w4_fzopE 1958.03.19]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!LH5TxI7I!Vl5gF3m5n9EmS-c1mz4_SKdTT4l85R3oh9hc4Rn5fKU 1958.03.26]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!mWhFhSTZ!uR7VcyNl_FnhesiiGYlqhBCBtiMXDTIecDQXJsSBJ_4 1958.04.09]
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||
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* [https://mega.nz/#!DehnAaxK!91OdtBaeBc2aW566bWTMW7OCmfjudyqZihx7cfeARYc 1958.04.16]
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* [https://mega.nz/#!TegnAIbA!YvAae-tPKpbO53NMmxrEU-TtXmnW3U_SNJnhG_XznM0 1958.04.23]
 +
* [https://mega.nz/#!eG51DK7Z!Q02-fuuRWNRmG0BLL0pOI0-6CBAoKeVNnwl90T5e9zg 1958.05.07]
 +
* [https://mega.nz/#!2PpxCATR!Xnjmp2bCuxZ6duJzVUMPXBsUVXaTpNWckkZ8GNuNSXY 1958.05.14]
 +
* [https://mega.nz/#!KP5H2CyA!EbuKA3ATnXNvoqKDLGrQJEHrnfJUEDwyiTnVNfJ8l88 1958.05.21]
 +
* [https://mega.nz/#!HWgFRIKQ!GvELfjTBf94kyYjbbqCktBppIyx-3ofGURmFYunskbU 1958.06.04]
 +
||
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* [https://mega.nz/#!PeplxSyI!IVJzaYujjdcLyEVwxyXQO1RT5f3hArOHszHWRwf4Mlg 1958.06.11]
 +
* [https://mega.nz/#!eb4jEKbT!WowRSo4dahMuPUul2lFFhq6dyEuj7N9Zr5yQ_j6RFpA 1958.06.18]
 +
* [https://mega.nz/#!yDoFnKYZ!HuUrVsRTzobt1dJlns2EdOBdALKLjGeG23gHM1wtdHw 1958.06.25]
 +
* [https://mega.nz/#!Hag1ySBT!TP0JMuS_qN3vTSqki9oKEkVxCVYIY4GkuR6QUshhx9M 1958.07.02]
 +
* [https://mega.nz/#F!bW4QxCyT!fsfKX3uBscmVA7jzO34QAQ Download all]
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
French versions of [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan's]] [[Seminars]] Source: http://ecole-lacanienne.net
 +
* [[:File:Seminaire_05.pdf|Download]]
 +
<BR><pdf width="450px" height="600px">File:Seminaire_05.pdf</pdf>
 
<!--
 
<!--
 
1957-1958
 
1957-1958
−
<b>Le séminaire, Livre V: Les formations de l'inconscient.</b><br>
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<b>Le séminaire, Livre V: Les formations de [[l'inconscient]].</b><br>
−
French: (texte établi par Jacques-Alain Miller), Paris: Seuil, 1998.<br>
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[[French]]: (texte établi par Jacques-[[Alain]] [[Miller]]), [[Paris]]: Seuil, 1998.<br>
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English: unpublished.
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[[English]]: unpublished.
  
 
{| style="width:100%; border:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding-left:10px;"
 
{| style="width:100%; border:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding-left:10px;"
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|width="100%"| [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan, Jacques]].  [[Seminar I|The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book II : The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis 1954-1955 (Seminar of Jacques Lacan)]].  Ed. [[Jacques-Alain Miller]].  Trans. [[Sylvana Tomaselli]].  New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991.  Paperback, Language: English, ISBN: 0393307093. <small><small>Buy it at [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosubject-20/ Amazon.com], [http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosub07-20/ Amazon.ca], [http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosub-21/ Amazon.de], [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosubjencyofl-21/ Amazon.co.uk] or [http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosub04-21/ Amazon.fr].</small></small>
+
|width="100%"| [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan, Jacques]].  [[Seminar I|The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book II : The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis 1954-1955 (Seminar of Jacques Lacan)]].  Ed. [[Jacques-Alain Miller]].  Trans. [[Sylvana Tomaselli]].  New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991.  Paperback, [[Language]]: English, ISBN: 0393307093. <small><small>Buy it at [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosubject-20/ Amazon.com], [http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosub07-20/ Amazon.ca], [http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosub-21/ Amazon.de], [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosubjencyofl-21/ Amazon.co.uk] or [http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307093/nosub04-21/ Amazon.fr].</small></small>
 
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| bgcolor="#ffffff" style="padding-left:15px" |  [[{{Y}}|06 novembre 1957]]
 
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| bgcolor="#ffffff" style="padding-left:15px" |  [[{{Y}}|13 novembre 1957]]
 
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[[Category:Seminars]] [[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
 

Latest revision as of 16:23, 30 June 2019

Jacques Lacan's Seminars : I · II · III · IV · V · VI · VII · VIII · IX · X · XI · XII · XIII · XIV · XV · XVI · XVII · XVIII · XIX · XX · XXI · XXII · XXIII · XXIV · XXV · XXVI · XXVII

I. Freud's technical writings

II. The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis
III. The Psychoses
IV. The Object Relations
V. The Formations of the Unconscious
VI. Desire and its Interpretation
VII. The Ethics of Psychoanalysis
VIII. Transference
IX. Identification
The Names of the Father
X. Anxiety
XI. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
XII. Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis
XIII. The Object of Psychoanalysis
XIV. The Logic of Fantasy
XV. The Psychoanalytic Act
XVI. From One Other to the Other
XVII. The Reverse of Psychoanalysis
XVIII. On a Discourse That Would Not Be Semblance
XIX. Or Worse
XX. Encore
XXV. The Moment of Concluding

XXVII. Dissolution
← Seminar IV Seminar VI →


1957 - 1958 Seminar V Les formations de l'inconscient
The Formations of the Unconscious


Sem.V.jpg

The formations of the unconscious are those circumstances in which the laws of the unconscious are most discernible: the joke, the dream, the symptom, the lapsus (parapraxis). Freud referred to the fundamental mechanisms involved in the formations of the unconscious as condensation and displacement, which Lacan redefines as metaphor and metonymy. With the former, the play of signifiers creates sense in nonsense in relation to truth. The latter reveals the lack of a word, "an item of waste sent like a ball between code and message." In this lack substitute words appear and function like "the metonymic ruins of the object."

At the junction between psychoanalysis and linguistics, Lacan wants to formalize the primordial laws of the unconscious that Freud had uncovered. His project is to define a topology of the levels of functioning of the signifier in the subject by elaborating the graphs that, under the generic name of Graph of Desire, will be at the core of "The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire in the Freudian Unconscious" written in 1960 and published in 1966 in Écrits. Here the key concept is that of desire, and Lacan's dialectic of desire is quite distinct from Hegel's. The Graph of Desire will serve as a topology of the different steps constitutive of the subject. "It is precisely because desire is articulated that it is not articulable" in a signifying chain. Slavoj Zizek commenting on this formulation argues that subject is not substance, "it has not substantial positive being in itself, being caught between 'not yet' and 'no longer'. The subject never is, it will have been - either it is not yet here or it is no longer here, since there is only a trace of its absence."

The subject is dependent on the recognition of the Other who embodies "the legitimacy of the code," he alone can ratify a word as a joke, as stupidity or as madness. With the Other, Lacan moves on to the analysis of the Oedipus complex. Three stages structure the constitution of the subject. First, the paternal metaphor acts intrinsically on account of the primacy given to the phallus by culture. Then, the father intervenes as the one who deprives the mother: to her he addresses the message "You will not reintegrate your product" - the child as phallic object. The child receives "a message on the message," in the form of "You will not sleep with your mother" that liberates and deprives him of the object of his desire. From the alternative "To be or not to be the phallus," he can move to the alternative "To have it or not to have it." The third moment - the exit out of the Oedipus complex - requires the intervention of the permissive and generous father who, preferred over the mother, gives birth to the idea of the ego. It is in this context that the problems of becoming boy or girl - of the inverted Oedipus complex are raised.

Lacan plays with the term "insistence" in order to recall repetition, the characteristic of the signifying chain in the unconscious. "The unconscious is neither primordial nor instinctual; what it knows about the elementary is but the elements of the signifier." In a previous writing, "The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason since Freud," he defines the unconscious as a memory that can be compared to that of modern thinking-machines where the chain that insists on reproducing itself in the transference can be found, and which is the chain of dead desire.

In "The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire in the Freudian Unconscious," written in 1960, Lacan states that "it is not the law that bars the subject's access to jouissance but pleasure." In 1966 he will add a final sentence: "Castration means that jouissance must be refused, so that it can be reached on the inverted ladder (échelle inversée) of the Law of desire."

"The signification of the phallus" (Écrits: A Selection) is a lecture given at the Max Planck Institute in Munich in 1958. All the research accomplished during La relation d'objet and Les formations de l'inconscient culminates here, and serves as an introduction to Le désir et son interpretation.

The alternative seems ineluctable: either the Mother or the Father. To choose the Mother means to be condemned to the dependency of demand, while the Father constitutes the access to desire, hence to salvation. If the Father must be preferred to the Mother, if the Father is the origin and the representative of culture (and of the Law), it is because he possesses the phallus that he can give or refuse. The absolute primacy of the phallus - the single emblem of Man - has become a real doctrinal (perhaps dogmatic) basis of Lacanian theory: "The phallus is the signifier of signifiers, the privileged signifier of that mark in which the role of the logos is joined with the advent of desire," its function "touches on its most profound rapport: that in which the Ancients embodied the Nous, the Mind, and the Logos, discourse, reason." Why such a privilege? "This signifier is chosen as the most tangible element in the real of sexual copulation; it is the most symbolic in the literal sense," since "it is equivalent to the logical copula." Moreover, "by virtue of its turgidity, it epitomizes the image of the vital flow as it is transmitted in generation." Freud says, there is only one libido, masculine in nature. Later, Lacan will assert that "there is no such thing as sexual rapport," il n'y a pas de rapport sexuel, in the sense of proportion or relation: one sex counts for both sexes. Thus the phallus can only appear as veiled.


English

Author(s) Title Publisher Year Pages Language Size Extension Mirrors
Jacques Lacan The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book 5

Formations of the Unconscious

Polity Press 2017 529 English 32 Mb pdf [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]
Jacques Lacan Formations of the Unconscious, V, 1957-1958 (The Seminar of Jacques Lacan) Polity 2017 529 English 31 Mb pdf [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

French

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French versions of Lacan's Seminars Source: http://ecole-lacanienne.net


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